{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:02:52Z","timestamp":1790762572089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1656378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1656378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evolution and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Evolution of central nervous systems is a long\u2010debated topic. Similar mechanisms of conditional neural specification linked to dorsal\u2010ventral (D\u2013V) axis formation have been used to support homology across several taxa. We tested for autonomous versus conditional neural specification in two distantly related annelids,\n                    <jats:italic>Capitella teleta<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Platynereis dumerilii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , using blastomere isolations and ablations. Our results demonstrate autonomous specification of anterior neural tissue in isolated first\u2010quartet (1q) micromeres for both annelids. In both annelids, partial larvae derived from isolation of the somatoblast, micromere 2d, also resulted in the formation of trunk neural tissue (ventral nerve cord or VNC), suggesting that this cell has intrinsic neural fate. However, at least in\n                    <jats:italic>C. teleta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we found evidence that additional external proneural and anti\u2010neural signals affect specification of trunk neural fate in 2d. Ablation of the vegetal macromeres at the 16\u2010cell stage (leaving 1q\u2009+\u20092q) resulted in partial larvae that failed to form trunk neural tissue although they did have anterior neural tissue and a D\u2013V axis, suggesting that micromeres other than 2d may repress the intrinsic neural fate of 2d. Conversely, ablation of only three of four vegetal macromeres at the 16\u2010cell stage (e.g., leaving 1 macromere with 1q\u2009+\u20092q) \u201crescues\u201d trunk neural fate, suggesting the presence of a vegetal proneural signal in all four quadrants. Taken together, these results imply that VNC fate is specified by a complex interplay of signaling that is decoupled from D\u2013V axis formation in\n                    <jats:italic>C. teleta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results suggest that the distinct neural specification mechanisms between the head and trunk may be conserved in Annelida and that annelid CNS specification may operate independently of D\u2013V axis formation. These findings will broaden our understanding of how neural specification mechanisms evolved and diversified in Spiralia in comparison to other bilaterians.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.70050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T16:50:13Z","timestamp":1785948613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns of Autonomous and Conditional Neural Specification for the Brain and Ventral Nerve Cord in Annelida"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1330-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole B.","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny A.","family":"Davila\u2010Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Clark University Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan M.","family":"Carrillo\u2010Baltodano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences Queen Mary University of London London England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skyler","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Clark University Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Duygu","family":"\u00d6zpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Medicine, Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2002-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9va P.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Clark University Worcester Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2013.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Classification Des Ann\u00e9lides, Et Description De Celles Qui Habitent Les C\u00f4tes De La France [Part 3]","volume":"29","author":"Audouin J. 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