{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:02:20Z","timestamp":1790762540355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evolution and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nectar spurs are tubular outgrowths of perianth tissue\u2014a key innovation that has evolved many times independently in angiosperms. These novel floral structures are tightly linked to pollination and pollinator shifts may explain their role in increasing diversification rates. In the tribe Antirrhineae (Plantaginaceae), nectar spurs on the ventral petal have convergently evolved four times, in the\n                    <jats:italic>Kickxia<\/jats:italic>\n                    clade,\n                    <jats:italic>Cymbalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Chaenorhinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Linaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here we explore the molecular mechanism underpinning this convergence, by investigating two Class I\n                    <jats:italic>KNOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes (\n                    <jats:italic>HIRZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>INA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) across Antirrhineae. Such\n                    <jats:italic>KNOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes are canonically expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM).\n                    <jats:italic>HIRZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>INA<\/jats:italic>\n                    were originally identified in mutants of\n                    <jats:italic>Antirrhinum majus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (snapdragons) whereby ectopic floral expression led to mutated spur\u2010bearing petals; subsequently\n                    <jats:italic>HIRZ\/INA<\/jats:italic>\n                    were shown to have floral expression in the naturally spur\u2010bearing relative\n                    <jats:italic>Linaria vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (toadflax). Orthologues of\n                    <jats:italic>HIRZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>INA<\/jats:italic>\n                    were isolated here from\n                    <jats:italic>Kickxia elatine<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cymbalaria muralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Chaenorhinum origanifolium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and confirmed through phylogenetic and gene structure analyses. Similar expression patterns were found in all three species, with moderate\u2010high expression of both\n                    <jats:italic>HIRZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>INA<\/jats:italic>\n                    in floral buds and mature flowers, consistent high expression in apices (i.e., the SAM), and low expression in leaves. Higher levels of expression were found in floral buds compared to leaves (on average 75\u201086\u2010fold higher) for\n                    <jats:italic>INA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>HIRZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. Together these data strongly suggest that the four independent evolutions of the petal spur in Antirrhineae are a result of parallel evolution, through the independent recruitment of similar underlying molecular mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.70061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:02:51Z","timestamp":1789372971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Floral\n                    <i>KNOX<\/i>\n                    Expression Supports Parallel Evolution of Nectar Spurs in Snapdragon Relatives (Antirrhineae: Plantaginaceae)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6531-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Dodsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Birkbeck University 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glaucia","family":"Proszkowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Bedfordshire Luton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omoyemwen","family":"Emokpae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Bedfordshire Luton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7883-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Birkbeck University of London London UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Bedfordshire Luton UK"},{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond 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