{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:41:26Z","timestamp":1792266086604,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,20]],"date-time":"2013-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dental Traumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The understanding and management of transverse intra\u2010alveolar root fractures has evolved to its current high level of sophistication and clinical success from foundations laid down by histological studies as early as the mid\u2010nineteenth century.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the review was to highlight those earlier histological reports and studies that have contributed to the current understanding of the biological processes involved in the healing of transverse root fractures. Healing of a transverse root fracture by calcified tissue was demonstrated histologically by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>owe in 1926, while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>oulger in 1928 showed the two other patterns of root fracture healing, namely the interposition of fibrous connective tissue and the interposition of bone and periodontal ligament around both fractured segments. Other major histological reports around that time came from members of the so\u2010called \u2018The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>ienna group of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>llinois\u2019, who had a significant influence in the development of oral biology worldwide. Other important reports and an experimental study emanated from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ermany and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>witzerland in the late 30s and early 40s, followed in the 1950s and early 1960s by histological material principally from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>weden, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>enmark, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>rance, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ritain. Jens <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ndreasen and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>rik <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>j\u00f6rting\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ansen's landmark paper in 1967 included new histological reports and a classification of healing responses following transverse root fractures. The expansion of knowledge related to root fractures since that time has been exponential, with major contributions from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>candinavia and several other countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case reports<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accompanying the historical review are two case reports with histology of root fracture healing by (a) calcified tissue and (b) dense fibrous connective tissue. The role of the pulp and the periodontal ligament in the repair process is described and the clinical significance discussed with particular emphasis to diagnosis and orthodontic management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T03:26:52Z","timestamp":1358738812000},"page":"253-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Healing responses following transverse root fracture: a historical review and case reports showing healing with (a) calcified tissue and (b) dense fibrous connective tissue"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey S.","family":"Heithersay AO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Kahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry University of Queensland 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