{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T09:13:37Z","timestamp":1696324417105},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]],"date-time":"2013-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dental Traumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different mixing techniques on surface microhardness, initial setting time, and phase formation of white mineral trioxide aggregate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010one cylindrical glass tubes were selected and divided into three groups of seven in each (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07). White mineral trioxide aggregate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMTA<\/jats:styled-content>) in groups A, B, and C were mixed by conventional, trituration, and ultrasonic techniques, respectively. Cements were mixed and packed into the glass tubes and incubated at 37\u00b0C for 3\u00a0days. After incubation, samples were subjected to microhardness evaluation, and four specimens from each group were prepared and observed under a scanning electron microscopy and X\u2010ray diffraction. For setting time assessment, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WMTA<\/jats:styled-content> was mixed in three parts again, and Gilmore needle test was performed until the initial setting time of cement. Data were analyzed by one\u2010way <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc> and <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> Tukey's test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples mixed by trituration technique significantly showed the highest microhardness (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and the lowest setting time, while the ultrasonically mixed specimens significantly revealed the highest setting time in comparison with other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Samples mixed by trituration technique showed the highest uniformity in the bulk and highest amount of hydrated calcium silicate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS<\/jats:styled-content>) phases, while the lowest value was observed in ultrasonically mixed cements, which also showed the highest amount of anhydrated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS<\/jats:styled-content> phases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trituration and conventional techniques were more suitable mixing methods for mineral trioxide aggregate in comparison with ultrasonic technique. Trituration resulted in better hydration and crystallization, which prevents clustering of powder and reduces voids and setting time of mixed cement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1378896751000},"page":"240-245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of various mixing techniques on physical properties of <scp>W<\/scp>hite <scp>M<\/scp>ineral <scp>T<\/scp>rioxide <scp>A<\/scp>ggregate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Saghiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public health Madison WI"},{"name":"Kamal Asgar Research Center Encino 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