{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:03:05Z","timestamp":1785150185312,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dental Traumatology"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n To compare the performance of a domain\u2010specific dental trauma chatbot with general\u2010purpose artificial intelligence chatbots under primed and non\u2010primed conditions for clinical decision\u2010making in injuries to the primary dentition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Fifteen standardized clinical case scenarios were developed for evaluating three chatbot systems: a domain\u2010specific model (Dental Trauma Evo) and two general\u2010purpose models (ChatGPT 5.2 and Perplexity Pro). General\u2010purpose chatbots were evaluated under primed and non\u2010primed conditions, where priming involved providing a summarized guideline document prior to scenario input. Chatbots were required to generate responses addressing diagnosis, immediate management, follow\u2010up intervals, and radiographic recommendations. Two Pediatric dentists independently evaluated responses using a binary scoring system based on International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines. Statistical comparisons were performed using McNemar's test and agreement analysis with kappa statistics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n All chatbots demonstrated complete diagnostic accuracy across scenarios. The domain\u2010specific chatbot achieved 100% accuracy in immediate management decisions, while minor inaccuracies were observed among general\u2010purpose models. The most substantial differences were observed in follow\u2010up interval and radiographic recommendations. Priming significantly improved the performance of general\u2010purpose chatbots, with ChatGPT and Perplexity demonstrating marked gains in follow\u2010up interval accuracy and radiographic recommendations. In these domains, primed general\u2010purpose models demonstrated greater agreement with IADT guideline recommendations than the domain\u2010specific chatbot.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Guideline\u2010based priming was associated with improved performance of general\u2010purpose AI chatbots in clinical decision\u2010making for injuries to the primary dentition, particularly for follow\u2010up scheduling and radiographic recommendations. While domain\u2010specific models provide reliable management guidance, contextual exposure to clinical guidelines enables general large language models to demonstrate a high level of agreement with established recommendations in certain aspects of trauma care in primary dentition. These findings highlight the potential role of prompt\u2010guided AI systems as supportive tools in dental traumatology decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.70110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:56:09Z","timestamp":1785149769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Assessment of Performance of Domain\u2010Specific and Primed Versus Non\u2010Primed Artificial Intelligence Chatbots for Clinical Decision\u2010Making in Injuries to the Primary Dentition: An Exploratory Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2937-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shajaratul Yakeen","family":"Nabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry Government Dental College and Hospital Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8346-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaqib","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasibe Elif","family":"Kuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Usak University School of Dentistry Usak Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilima","family":"Nilima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitesh","family":"Tewari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India"},{"name":"Division of Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Huddinge Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12574","article-title":"International Association of Dental Traumatology Guidelines for the Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries: General Introduction","volume":"36","author":"Levin L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12389","article-title":"World Traumatic Dental Injury Prevalence and Incidence, a Meta\u2010Analysis\u2010One Billion Living People Have Had Traumatic Dental Injuries","volume":"34","author":"Petti S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth","author":"Andersson L.","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2008.00696.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Traumatic Dental Injuries\u2014a 12 Year Review of the Literature","volume":"24","author":"Glendor U.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41432-023-00883-7","article-title":"Global Status of Knowledge of Parents for Emergency Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Tewari N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evidence\u2010Based Dentistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Parental Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Paediatric Dental Trauma. A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Cantile T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12579","article-title":"Global Status of Knowledge for Prevention and Emergency Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries Among School Teachers: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Tewari N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric18010011","article-title":"Parental Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Emergency Management of Dental Trauma in Children: A Cross\u2010Sectional Croatian Study","volume":"18","author":"Aleric K.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatric Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12629","article-title":"Global Status of Knowledge for Prevention and Emergency Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Sports Persons and Coaches: A Systematic Review","volume":"37","author":"Tewari N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","article-title":"Awareness and Knowledge of Tooth Reimplantation After Avulsion Among Dental and Non\u2010Dental Populations: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Alshubat A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.06.006","article-title":"Global Status of Knowledge for the Prevention and Emergency Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries Among Non\u2010Dental Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Tewari N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12621","article-title":"Global Status of Knowledge for Prevention and Emergency Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Dental Professionals: Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Tewari N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23037","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence: Implications for the Future of Work","volume":"62","author":"Howard J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2947","article-title":"Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Top Searched Queries About Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Pan A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21276\/ijcmsr.2019.4.4.2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.13020","article-title":"Performance of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Responding to Patient Queries Related to Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Comparative Study","volume":"41","author":"Guven Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"OpenAI \u201cIntroducing ChatGPT \u201dhttps:\/\/openai.com\/index\/chatgpt\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2025.05.012","article-title":"Dental Trauma Evo \u2010 Development of an Artificial Intelligence\u2010Powered Chatbot to Support Professional Management of Dental Trauma","volume":"51","author":"Bubna D. P.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Endodontics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.70039","article-title":"Performance Comparison of a Domain\u2010Specific Chatbot and General\u2010Purpose Chatbots in Dental Traumatology","volume":"42","author":"Kumar V.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dental Traumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.13063","article-title":"Can Artificial Intelligence Language Models Effectively Address Dental Trauma Questions?","volume":"41","author":"Kuru H. 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M.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Swiss Dental Journal"}],"container-title":["Dental Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/edt.70110","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/edt.70110","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/edt.70110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:56:13Z","timestamp":1785149773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/edt.70110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/edt.70110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/edt.70110","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1600-4469","1600-9657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-4469","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-9657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"edt.70110"}}