{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:41:44Z","timestamp":1792557704789,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dental Traumatology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess and compare the prevalence and pattern of dental and craniofacial injuries sustained by conventional two\u2010wheeler riders versus electric two\u2010wheeler (e\u2010bike\/e\u2010scooter) riders involved in road traffic accidents (RTAs), and to evaluate the role of protective gear, riding practices, and behavioral factors on injury outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six hundred and fifty\u2010two riders (340 conventional two\u2010wheelers, 312 e\u2010bike\/e\u2010scooter) were examined and interviewed from an urban setting using a structured questionnaire. Data encompassed demographics, vehicle type, compliance with protective gears, riding behavior and practices, accident characteristics, and oro\u2010facial injury profile. Chi\u2010square, Fisher's exact tests, and descriptive statistics were applied (significance:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A supplementary binary logistic regression, adjusted for vehicle type, helmet compliance, commercial rider status, age group, usual vehicle speed, and pre\u2010ride training, was performed to identify independent predictors of facial injury.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Road traffic accident involvement was significantly more prevalent among e\u2010bike riders than conventional two\u2010wheeler riders (70.8% vs. 47.1%; RR\u2009=\u20091.51;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Among accident cases, facial or oral injuries were significantly more frequent in e\u2010bike riders (72.9%) than in conventional two\u2010wheeler riders (39.4%; OR\u2009=\u20094.13;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Lacerations were the most common injury (39.3%), followed by chipped or broken teeth (21.0%), jaw or facial bone fractures (14.7%), tooth avulsion (9.8%), and tooth displacement\/luxation injuries (7.1%). No significant intergroup differences were identified for any individual injury category. Accident rates were similar between commercial and personal use within vehicle groups: E\u2010Bike: 70.6% vs. 71.0% (RR\u2009=\u20090.995; OR\u2009=\u20090.984); Road Bike: 50.0% vs. 45.5% (RR\u2009=\u20091.098; OR\u2009=\u20091.196). Consistent use of protective gear was reported by 72.6% of conventional two\u2010wheeler riders, compared with only 5.8% of e\u2010bike riders (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Pre\u2010ride training was received by 63.8% of conventional riders, compared with 14.7% of e\u2010bike riders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Electric two\u2010wheeler riders demonstrate a markedly higher risk of accidents and orofacial injuries compared with conventional riders. After multivariable adjustment, the association between e\u2010bike riding and injury remained significant (aOR\u2009=\u20094.213,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, correlated behavioral predictors (such as helmet use and pre\u2010ride training) could not be reliably disentangled. Low helmet compliance and urgency\u2010driven riding behavior among delivery riders in quick commerce represent critical characteristics of the e\u2010bike cohort that warrant further investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.70141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:24:27Z","timestamp":1792556667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Dental and Craniofacial Injury Patterns in Conventional and Electric Two\u2010Wheeler Riders in Urban Settings: A Cross\u2010Sectional Survey\u2010Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6462-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya","family":"Talwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Manav Rachna Dental College, MRIIRS  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4201-4235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puneet","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Manav Rachna Dental College, MRIIRS  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2286-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdur Raheem Abdul","family":"Mannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manav Rachna Dental College, MRIIRS  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-7598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isha","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry AIIMS\u2010CAPFIMS  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3410-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Manav Rachna Dental College, MRIIRS  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8812-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prem Kumar","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manav Rachna Dental College, MRIIRS  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114611"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","volume-title":"Innovations in Transport: Success, Failure and Societal Impacts","author":"Wee B.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26263"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1540735"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11963.001.0001","volume-title":"Cycling for Sustainable Cities","author":"Buehler R.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","volume-title":"Using E\u2010Bike Purchase Incentive Programs to Expand the Market \u2010 North American Trends and Recommended Practices","author":"Bennett C.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2024.2419884"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42055\u2010025\u201000104\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/24551333241294145"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42055\u2010026\u201000121\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","volume-title":"Regulations of E\u2010Bikes in North America","author":"MacArthur J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","unstructured":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016\/1825 of 6 September 2016 Amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 901\/2014 With Regard to the Administrative Requirements for the Approval and Market Surveillance of Two\u2010 or Three\u2010Wheel Vehicles and Quadricycles (Text With EEA Relevance) 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","first-page":"A10","volume-title":"Riding in Regulatory Grey Zones; Scooters, e\u2010Bikes and Mopeds Are Proliferating, and Cities and Provinces Are Racing to Keep Up","author":"Norman P.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","volume-title":"Regulations and Safety for Electric Bicycles and Other Low\u2010Powered Vehicles","author":"Lieswyn J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61050915"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9073"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","volume-title":"Methods in Observational Epidemiology","author":"Kelsey J. L.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175195"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113690"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201094602\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21680566.2019.1630691"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005\u2010021\u201000288\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13090409"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111148"}],"container-title":["Dental Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/edt.70141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/edt.70141","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/edt.70141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:24:30Z","timestamp":1792556670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/edt.70141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/edt.70141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/edt.70141","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1600-4469","1600-9657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1600-4469","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-9657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"edt.70141"}}