{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:09:31Z","timestamp":1792649371133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Early Intervention Psych"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Time is a core aspect of psychopathology with potential for clinical use and early intervention. Temporal experience, perception, judgement and processing are distorted in various psychiatric disorders such as mood (depression and mania), anxiety, autistic, impulse\u2010control, dissociative and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorders. Can these disorders of time be used as early diagnostic or predictive markers? To answer this question, we develop a Transdiagnostic Taxonomy of (disordered) Time (TTT) that maps on to the symptomatological, phenomenal, perceptual and functional descriptions of each underlying disorder in a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092\u2009\u00d7\u20092 state space. Temporal distortions may precede functional decline, and so assist efforts at early detection and intervention in at\u2010risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Firstly, this article integrates a psychological model of how time is processed with a subjective or phenomenological model of how time is experienced or perceived. Secondly, the integrated combined model of time is then used to heuristically map major psychiatric disorders on to the basic elements of temporal flow and integration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TTT systematically describes the basic temporal nature of eight diagnostic categories of psychiatric illness. It differentiates between diagnoses primarily associated with distorted \u201cmacro\u2010level\u201d phenomenal temporal experiences (i.e. anxiety, dissociation\/PTSD, depression, and mania) from those primarily related to distorted \u2018micro\u2010level\u2019 temporal processing (i.e. psychotic, impulse\u2010control, autistic and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorders).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TTT allows differential diagnostic classification of various psychiatric disorders in terms of a possible underlying time disorder, making it useful for future diagnostic and predictive purposes using novel techniques of temporal processing, time perception, passage of time, and time perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.13333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T07:56:20Z","timestamp":1655279780000},"page":"231-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Can disorders of subjective time inform the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders? A transdiagnostic taxonomy of time"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8864-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachlan","family":"Kent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barnaby","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Northoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Zhejiang Hangzhou People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University  Hangzhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3677"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.135.4.609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617797003597"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.15.3.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.1993.21.2.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2006.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0001-690x.2003.00244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2004.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103322725469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002216787501500306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9695-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-019-09651-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961463X07086304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpsy.2017.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2016.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2019.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-010-9189-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02483-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2011.00038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv7h0s4k.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husserl E.(1928\/1991).On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time (1893\u20131917) (J. B. Brough trans.; Vol. collected works IV). Springer. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-015-3945-6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-3945-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1038-5282.2003.02009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-017-0717-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22134468-20181135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2019.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2019.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niab011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324834BA210207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb06976.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Essential papers on depression","author":"Kovacs M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.667392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2010.00129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01367-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1967.tb55023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles","author":"Liberman N.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.05.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","volume-title":"The nature of existence","author":"McTaggart J. M. E.","year":"1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2020.1817554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.24.3.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01781"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-018-9564-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2020.1712347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(20)30316-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00486"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6580-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","volume-title":"Human\u2013computer interaction, Part IV, HCII 2009","author":"Park S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2019.100750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-019-00173-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2016.1271443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000332"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-019-09618-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70279-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2013.763632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000449004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2019.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-6743-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1984.58.2.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2019.100136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-018-9573-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.3.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2011.00066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07368-2_2"}],"container-title":["Early Intervention in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eip.13333","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/eip.13333","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eip.13333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T14:09:06Z","timestamp":1692626946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eip.13333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eip.13333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.13333","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-7885","1751-7893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-7885","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-7893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}