{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:01:01Z","timestamp":1773903661934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Early Intervention Psych"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Involving patients and clinicians in creating digital mental health treatments can ensure engaging, acceptable, and feasible interventions. Co\u2010design is particularly important when developing treatments for young people suffering from severe mental health disorders. The purposes of this paper are to (1) provide a detailed example of a co\u2010design procedure; and (2) offer guidance and recommendations to other researchers and mental health professionals who are seeking to co\u2010design digital treatments for adolescents with severe mental health disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The co\u2010design procedure was structured into three phases which served as a framework: Phase 1 Identify and defining the problem; Phase 2 Creating the intervention; Phase 3 Initial testing. During the three phases we used self\u2010administered questionnaires, qualitative interviews, focus group interviews, standardised clinical interviews, and workshops.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 62 participants were involved in the co\u2010design procedure. The participants were involved in phases depending on aim and need. The co\u2010design procedure led to the development of a VR\u2010assisted CBTp treatment for adolescents with psychosis to be tested in future clinical trials. This paper highlights the importance of involving adolescents, clinical expertise, and software developers in planning and development of this intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This co\u2010designing procedure yields support to researchers and mental health professionals aiming to co\u2010design digital treatments for adolescents with severe mental health disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.70145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:40:51Z","timestamp":1773034851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co\u2010Designing a Virtual Reality Intervention for Adolescents With Psychosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5199-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guri","family":"Holgersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Barsnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oda Bergum","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Nordgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene Bircow","family":"Elgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13258"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Asking Questions: The Definitive Guide to Questionnaire Design\u2014For Market Research, Political Polls, and Social and Health Questionnaires","author":"Bradburn N. M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005\u20107967(85)90140\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12689"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2015.1124392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Participatory Design of Evidence\u2010Based Online Youth Mental Health Promotion, Intervention and Treatment","author":"Hagen P.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"Helsedirektoratet.2013.\u201cNasjonal Faglig Retningslinje for Utredning Behandling og Oppf\u00f8lging av Personer Med Psykoselidelser.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.helsedirektoratet.no\/retningslinjer\/psykoselidelser\/Utredning %20behandling%20og%20oppf%C3%B8lging%20av%20personer%20med%20psykoselidelser%20%E2%80%93%20Nasjonal%20faglig%20retningslinje%20(fullversjon).pdf\/_\/attachment\/inline\/a2c5a070\u201019d8\u201047df\u2010b86c\u20109e9e6002c514:5981d8d6a0c9f6086a20bc426eb552f12a2d81dd\/Utredning %20behandling%20og%20oppf%C3%B8lging%20av%20personer%20med%20psykoselidelser%20%E2%80%93%20Nasjonal%20faglig%20retningslinje%20(fullversjon).pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.153486"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14606925.2019.1594975"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.13331"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2016.00018"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"3867","article-title":"Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Clinical Medicine","volume":"9","author":"Li L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Translational Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199505)51:3<320::AID-JCLP2270510302>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2025.100835"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08404704211063584"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5927"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010961119608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Adults: Treatment and Management","author":"NICE","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814\u2010019\u20100425\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12526"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731514568897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012\u2010024\u201001394\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215\u20100366(18)30053\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2021.1918648"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206\u2010025\u201000193\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Evaluating Stress: A Book of Resources","author":"Steer R. A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/eb\u20102018\u2010102891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.9769"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","author":"World Health","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4055"}],"container-title":["Early Intervention in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eip.70145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/eip.70145","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eip.70145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T03:15:54Z","timestamp":1773890154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eip.70145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eip.70145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.70145","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-7885","1751-7893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-7885","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-7893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70145"}}