{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T22:30:10Z","timestamp":1771021810715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]],"date-time":"2019-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dental Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of indirect vision skills on head and shoulder posture in dental hygienists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included a total of 100 female clinical dental hygienists. It evaluated musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck, shoulders and back, head and shoulder posture (craniovertebral angle [CVA] and sagittal shoulder posture angle [SSPA]). Indirect vision skills were assessed using the O\u2019Connor tweezer test under indirect vision with a mirror. To analyse factors associated with the CVA and SSPA, an independent <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test, one\u2010way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The body region in which the greatest number of symptoms of work\u2010related musculoskeletal disorders was recognised was the neck (89.0%). In the multiple linear regression model, which adjusted for other factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders, dental hygienists with poor indirect vision skills showed relatively small SSPA value (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). However, indirect vision skills were not associated with the CVA value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Good indirect vision skills contribute to the prevention of rounded shoulders in dental hygienists. Therefore, where possible, dental hygienists should perform clinical procedures using indirect vision with a dental mirror to maintain a balanced posture and reduce flexion of the back or the neck. A dental hygiene curriculum should include training to improve clinical skills, as well as education regarding dental ergonomics and a monitoring system to determine whether ergonomic principles are well observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T19:33:37Z","timestamp":1568403217000},"page":"17-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of indirect vision skills on head and shoulder posture amongst Korean dental hygienists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7660-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeo\u2010Jin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene Gachon University Graduate School Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun\u2010Seon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene College of Health Science Gachon University Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-5-2-134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ergonomic principles to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in dental professionals","volume":"1","author":"Shipra N","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Dent Heal Concerns"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2011.75.9.tb05173.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/517346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Relationship of musculoskeletal disorder pain to patterns of clinical care in California dental hygienists","volume":"89","author":"Humann P","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4154"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-250"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"The impact of occupation\u2010related musculoskeletal disorders on dental hygienists","volume":"50","author":"Johnson CR","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Impact of operator positioning on musculoskeletal disorders and work habits among Mississippi dental hygienists","volume":"91","author":"Barry RM","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2009.00395.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15236\/ijcpd.2018.14.3.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"RuckerLM SunellS.Musculoskeletal health status in B.C. dentists and dental hygienists: evaluating the preventive impact of surgical ergonomics training and surgical magnification. 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