{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:10:49Z","timestamp":1793207449279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dental Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amalgam is one of the most reliable dental restorative materials. Health and environmental concerns associated with the mercury content of amalgam have necessitated an amalgam phase\u2010down in clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the level of awareness and preparedness for the planned amalgam phase\u2010down recommended by the Minamata Convention amongst Nigerian dental students and dentists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional national survey was performed across all geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Data regarding awareness, practice and level of preparedness for amalgam phase\u2010down were obtained using a questionnaire that was distributed amongst clinical dental students and dentists of different cadres, who routinely place dental restorations, in public and private practice. The questionnaires were administered online or were hand delivered. Data were analysed using the chi\u2010square test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. A p value\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Notably, 845 dental students and dentists participated in the survey. Mean age (\u00b1standard deviation) of participants was 30.15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.67\u00a0years, 33.8% were students, and 66.2% were dentists (most dentists [77.1%] were employed at public hospitals). A significant percentage of respondents had poor knowledge of the Minamata Convention (87.7%) and lacked training in the use of alternatives to amalgam (72.0%). Amalgam continues to be commonly used by 39.1% and 31.3% of dental students and dentists, respectively. Only 4.7% of the respondents admitted to following good amalgam phase\u2010down practices. Awareness (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.013) and amalgam phase\u2010down practices (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011) were significantly higher amongst dentists than amongst dental students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed low levels of awareness regarding the Minamata Convention, amalgam phase\u2010down, mercury hygiene practices and training in alternatives to amalgam use amongst Nigerian dental professionals and students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T21:13:50Z","timestamp":1592082830000},"page":"666-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Managing the phase\u2010down of amalgam amongst Nigerian dental professionals and students: A national survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John O.","family":"Makanjuola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry Faculty of Dental Sciences College of Medicine University of Lagos Idi\u2010Araba, Surulere Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna C.","family":"Umesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry Faculty of Dental Sciences College of Medicine University of Lagos Idi\u2010Araba, Surulere Lagos Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi\u2010Araba, Surulere Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne N.","family":"Ndukwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Dental Health Faculty of Dentistry University of Nigeria Nsukka Ituku\u2010Ozalla Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian L.","family":"Enone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olawale A.","family":"Sotunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Bayero University Kano Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5680-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie O.","family":"Omo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Benin Benin City Edo Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8224-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul I.","family":"Idon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Maiduguri Borno Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusegun","family":"Alalade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbenga E.","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry University College Hospital Ibadan Oyo Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uyi I.","family":"Ekowmwnhenhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi\u2010Araba, Surulere Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godwin T.","family":"Arotiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dental Sciences College of Medicine University of Lagos Idi\u2010Araba, Surulere Lagos Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi\u2010Araba, Surulere Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2011.00028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"PetersenPE BaezR KwanS OgawaH World Health Organization.Future use of materials for dental restoration: report of the meeting convened at WHO HQ Geneva Switzerland 16th to 17th November 2009. 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