{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:27:03Z","timestamp":1786634823221,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dental Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the improvement of living standards and increasing aesthetic demands, the need for highly skilled orthodontic professionals is on the rise. China is continuously improving its medical education models to cultivate excellent orthodontic physicians. This study systematically reviews the current status of orthodontic medical education and physician training models in China, America and European countries, reveals core differences through multidimensional comparisons and proposes optimised pathways for reform in China while exploring goals and directions for deepening educational innovation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper searched databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and the official websites of representative dental schools in various countries. The article summarises and compares the orthodontic education models in China and other countries, from the aspects of educational systems, degree conferment, curriculum design and clinical practice and so on.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At present, the training of orthodontic specialists in China is mainly after undergraduate education. There are many similarities between China and the United States and Europe in terms of orthodontics. The educational system can be roughly divided into the basic oral medicine and the orthodontic professional education stage. However, there are differences in the specific study period and the curriculum arrangement of each stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The education model system for Chinese orthodontic specialists has advantages such as systematisation, standardisation and interdisciplinary joint training. However, compared to America and European countries, there is still a gap, with problems such as a lack of general education and medical humanities courses, insufficient scientific research training and so on. We propose possible solutions to address the existing shortcomings and further improve the clinical and scientific research level of Chinese orthodontists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.70040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T05:28:36Z","timestamp":1754890116000},"page":"930-936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of Orthodontic Medical Education and Physician Training Models: China Versus America and European Countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8104-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Cranial\u2010Facial Growth and Development Center Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology &amp; Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology &amp; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health &amp; NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Cranial\u2010Facial Growth and Development Center Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology &amp; Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology &amp; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health &amp; NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Cranial\u2010Facial Growth and Development Center Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology &amp; Beijing Key Laboratory for Digital Stomatology &amp; Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health &amp; NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials  Beijing China"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University  Beijing 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