{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:08:55Z","timestamp":1788984535525,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dental Education"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the diagnostic behaviour and detection patterns of fourth\u2010 and fifth\u2010year dental students with those of an artificial intelligence (AI) system in identifying dental caries and restorations on panoramic radiographs within an educational framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cross\u2010sectional study included 60 anonymised panoramic radiographs comprising 1 920 individual tooth units. Diagnostic assessments were performed independently by 60 fourth\u2010year dental students, 60 fifth\u2010year dental students, and an artificial intelligence (AI) system. For each tooth, the presence or absence of caries and restorations was recorded using a standardised assessment protocol without additional calibration to reflect routine educational conditions. The AI system was used under default settings without modification of internal detection parameters. Therefore, its outputs were interpreted as threshold\u2010dependent diagnostic behaviour specific to the evaluated system rather than as a direct measure of diagnostic accuracy. A consensus\u2010based reference derived from the majority agreement of human observers was used only for contextual comparison. Statistical analyses included Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests, Cohen's kappa coefficients, and Pearson's correlation analysis (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourth\u2010 and fifth\u2010year students demonstrated comparable detection patterns for both caries and restorations, whereas the AI system consistently reported fewer detections per panoramic radiograph. Intergroup agreement between student groups was moderate for caries detection and higher for restoration detection, while agreement between human evaluators and the AI system was lower. The lower detection frequency of the AI system may reflect a more restrictive diagnostic threshold rather than reduced diagnostic capability. Correlation analyses revealed weak to moderate associations among evaluator groups, indicating differences in diagnostic thresholds rather than absolute diagnostic behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the limitations of this study, the AI system demonstrated a distinct diagnostic behaviour pattern compared with dental students. These findings suggest that AI may serve as a complementary tool in dental education; however, its impact on learning outcomes requires further investigation through longitudinal and interventional studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.70195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T05:00:19Z","timestamp":1779512419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic Performance and Agreement Between Dental Students and an Artificial Intelligence System in Panoramic Radiographs"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1552-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyun\u2010Erdene","family":"Batgerel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve Yelken","family":"Kendirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Faruk","family":"Ert\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafat","family":"Sasany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i10.794","article-title":"Recent Advances in Imaging Technologies in Dentistry","volume":"6","author":"Shah N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation","author":"White S. C.","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20210010","article-title":"Radiographic Modalities for Diagnosis of Caries in a Historical Perspective: From Film to Machine\u2010Intelligence Supported Systems","volume":"50","author":"Wenzel A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-022-10145-3","article-title":"Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Diagnostic Approaches for the Interpretation of Oral Radiographic Lesions by Dental Students","volume":"28","author":"Kho C. L. 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