{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T22:01:02Z","timestamp":1785016862502,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dental Education"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the quality of multiple\u2010choice questions (MCQs) generated by artificial intelligence (AI) using ChatGPT\u20104o compared with faculty\u2010written items in periodontology using the Integrated National Board Dental Examination (INBDE) rubric.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty MCQs were assessed in a blinded cross\u2010sectional comparison at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine. Sixteen questions were generated by ChatGPT\u20104o based on course objectives and INBDE guidelines, and 14 were randomly selected from the departmental exam bank. Fourteen periodontology faculty members rated each item on six INBDE criteria including clarity, content accuracy, distractor quality, fairness, curricular alignment and grammar using a five\u2010point Likert scale ranging from poor (1) to excellent (5). Composite scores were analysed using a generalized linear mixed model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AI\u2010generated items achieved significantly higher composite scores than human\u2010written items (20.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9 vs. 18.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In descriptive comparisons, AI\u2010generated items also received higher ratings across all six domains, particularly in clarity and grammar. Reviewers were unable to reliably identify the source of the items, and 84.1% of AI\u2010generated items were judged suitable for exam use compared with 55.7% of faculty\u2010written items.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT\u20104o produced high\u2010quality and well\u2010structured MCQs, and reviewers frequently reported difficulty distinguishing their origin in this blinded assessment. While these results highlight the potential value of AI\u2010assisted assessment design, expert supervision remains essential to ensure accuracy, cognitive depth and alignment with educational standards. AI should be a supportive tool that complements rather than replaces faculty expertise in item development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.70262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T21:40:27Z","timestamp":1785015627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of AI\u2010Generated Multiple\u2010Choice Questions for Periodontology Exams: A Quality Assessment Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0376-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bushra","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruti","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2716-5786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology University of Detroit\u2010Mercy School of Dentistry  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Karimbux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y. Natalie","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102023\u2010082559"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.6623.faf2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/69521"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010025\u201007706\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49174"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S423138"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2024.2418752"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010023\u201004669\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Ahmad K.Saleh S.Alharbi H.Alqaderi andY. N.Jeong \u201cArtificial Intelligence in Periodontology: Performance Evaluation of ChatGPT Claude and Gemini on the In\u2010Service Examination. medRxiv \u201d(2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.29.24308155.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.29.24308155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415\u2010025\u20108383\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztae077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010025\u201006881\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aet2.10836"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v65i1.5726"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"Enhancing Dental Education Through AI: Revolutionizing Exam Creation and Grading","author":"Dunlap C. A.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1500016","article-title":"2018 Consensus Framework for Good Assessment","volume":"40","author":"Norcini J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals","author":"Bloom B. S.","year":"1956"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2011.565828","article-title":"Programmatic Assessment: From Assessment of Learning to Assessment for Learning","volume":"33","author":"Schuwirth L. W. T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Dental Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eje.70262","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/eje.70262","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eje.70262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T21:40:34Z","timestamp":1785015634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eje.70262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eje.70262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.70262","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1396-5883","1600-0579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1396-5883","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eje.70262"}}