{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:54:59Z","timestamp":1791287699114,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dental Education"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Oral mucosal biopsy and submucosal injection are essential clinical skills for dental students, yet traditional training relies on extraoral skin models that fail to replicate the texture of oral mucosa and the confined intraoral working space. This study aimed to develop a manikin\u2010compatible buccal mucosal lesion simulator to address these limitations and evaluate its effectiveness in preclinical training.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n An intraoral simulator was designed to fit a dental manikin head, featuring realistic mucosal texture and anatomical constraints of the buccal region. Quantitative scoring rubrics were established based on clinical procedural standards to assess biopsy and injection performance. Thirty\u2010six fourth\u2010year dental students participated in a structured training session in September 2025, which included a didactic briefing followed by hands\u2010on practice with the simulator. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010training questionnaires evaluated procedural familiarity, self\u2010reported confidence and simulator usability, while instructors used the rubrics to assess technical performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The scoring rubrics effectively differentiated students' procedural quality in both biopsy and injection tasks. Post\u2010training questionnaires revealed significant improvements in students' familiarity with procedural workflows and confidence in performing the techniques. Most students rated the difficulty of the course as moderate and agreed that the intraoral mucosal simulator was well adapted to the restricted oral working space and provided a realistic approximation of clinical conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The manikin\u2010integrated buccal mucosal lesion simulator provides clinically relevant training by addressing key limitations of traditional models. It enhances students' procedural skills and confidence, supporting its utility as a valuable tool in preclinical dental education.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.70320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:27:28Z","timestamp":1791286048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Oral Mucosal Biopsy and Submucosal Injection Skills in Dental Students Using a Manikin\u2010Compatible Buccal Mucosal Lesion Simulator"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Minghui","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NISSIN Dental Materials (Kunshan) Co. Ltd. Suzhou Jiangsu Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NISSIN Dental Materials (Kunshan) Co. Ltd. Suzhou Jiangsu Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NISSIN Dental Materials (Kunshan) Co. Ltd. Suzhou Jiangsu Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9123-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8518-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenlai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.05.003","article-title":"Oral Biopsy Techniques","volume":"38","author":"Shanti R. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatologic Clinics"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.09.088","article-title":"The Dermatologic Oral Examination and Biopsy: A Guide for Incorporation Into Everyday Practice","volume":"94","author":"Klein P. A.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13504","article-title":"Oral Manifestations of Amyloidosis and the Diagnostic Applicability of Oral Tissue Biopsy","volume":"53","author":"Tavares T. S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04853-y","article-title":"Oral Biopsy in Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris With Gingival Expression: The Optimal Site. A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Dridi S.\u2010M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Direct Immunofluorescence of Skin and Oral Mucosa: Guidelines for Selecting the Optimum Biopsy Site","volume":"11","author":"Mahmood M. N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_567_22","article-title":"Effect of Submucosal Injection of Platelet\u2010Rich Plasma on the Rate of Canine Retraction \u2010 A Split\u2010Mouth Randomized Clinical Study","volume":"14","author":"Arora V.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Dentistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12438","article-title":"Teaching Methodologies for Improving Dental Students' Implementation of Ergonomic Operator and Patient Positioning","volume":"85","author":"Faust A. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Stitching the Future: Comparing Multiple Suturing Models for Training Predoctoral Dental Students","volume":"90","author":"Altan A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.70140","article-title":"3D\u2010Printed Models in Oral Surgery Simulation Training: A Scoping Review","volume":"90","author":"Nahavandi S. R.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06623-4","article-title":"Development and User Experience of a Three\u2010Dimensional Object\u2010Based Virtual Reality\u2010Simulation Tool for Dental Radiography Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Im J.\u2010E.","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.21815\/JDE.019.158","article-title":"Improving the Awareness of Musculoskeletal Disorder Risks Among Dental Educators","volume":"84","author":"Partido B. B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.13151","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Local Anesthesia Training Using a Mixed\u2010Reality Haptic Fidelity Model","volume":"87","author":"Lamira J. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.03.039","article-title":"Young Surgeons' Perspectives on Surgical Anatomy Teaching: Insights From a Delphi Study","volume":"309","author":"Vacca L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology"},{"issue":"2024","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3783021","article-title":"A Comparison of Models for Teaching Suturing and Surgical Skills to Dental Students","volume":"20","author":"Macluskey M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"e94859","article-title":"Improving New Doctors' Confidence of Starting Work Through Simulation\u2010Based Training","volume":"17","author":"Shah J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1172","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-141341","article-title":"National Evaluation of Trauma Teaching for Students (Netts)","volume":"99","author":"Large J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postgraduate Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.13400","article-title":"Exploring Dental Students' Attitudes Toward Patient\u2010Centered Management of Dental Fear","volume":"88","author":"Daly K. 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A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2025.1513442","article-title":"The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Indonesian Dental Professionals","volume":"6","author":"Kholinne E.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"469","article-title":"Occupational Ergonomics and Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Dentists: A Systematic Review","volume":"74","author":"Soo S. Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.07.051","article-title":"Development of a Low\u2010Cost, High\u2010Fidelity Skin Model for Suturing","volume":"256","author":"Williams T. P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.15694","article-title":"Gingival Biopsy \u2010 Enoral Technique for Dermatology","volume":"23","author":"Lischker S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft\u2009=\u2009Journal of the German Society of Dermatology: JDDG"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010167","article-title":"Gingival Manifestations in Oral Chronic Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: A Retrospective Study","volume":"60","author":"Parlatescu I.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2023.101839","article-title":"Bedside Labial Salivary Gland Biopsy (Lsgbx: Lip Biopsy): An Update for Rheumatologists","volume":"37","author":"Ike R. W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"2525","article-title":"Nuts and Bolts of Salivary Gland Pathology in Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Zabotti A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Dental Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eje.70320","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/eje.70320","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eje.70320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:27:33Z","timestamp":1791286053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eje.70320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eje.70320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.70320","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1396-5883","1600-0579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1396-5883","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eje.70320"}}