{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:57:15Z","timestamp":1767920235675,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European J of Haematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic is a rapidly evolving public health problem. The severity of COVID\u201019 cases reported hitherto has varied greatly from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia and thromboembolism with subsequent mortality. An improved understanding of risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes may shed some light on novel personalized approaches to optimize clinical care in vulnerable populations. Emerging trends in the United States suggest possibly higher mortality rates of COVID\u201019 among African Americans, although detailed epidemiological study data is pending. Sickle cell disease (SCD) disproportionately affects Black\/African Americans in the United States as well as forebearers from sub\u2010Saharan Africa, the Western Hemisphere (South America, the Caribbean, and Central America), and some Mediterranean countries. The carrier frequency for SCD is high among African Americans. This article underscores the putative risks that may be associated with COVID\u201019 pneumonia in sickle cell trait as well as potential opportunities for individualized medical care in the burgeoning era of personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T09:40:03Z","timestamp":1593250803000},"page":"519-523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sickle cell trait and the potential risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019\u2014A mini\u2010review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Tawakalitu Abosede","family":"Kehinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and Northwest London NHS Foundation Trust Kingswood Centre London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6658-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayowa Azeez","family":"Osundiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2003717"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html. John Hopkins Human Resources Center COVID\u201019 Map.2020. in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa388"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6914e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa282"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207589"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13182"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13092"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040271"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00762-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.021103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03697-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1099-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25833"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25855"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16779"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00199.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373517747905"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000446526"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2010.1.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.206060"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1161"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/161.12.766"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","first-page":"1760","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and sudden death in athletes","volume":"58","author":"Holmes PS","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-195707000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.028407"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199418060-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120915690"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803243181215"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","first-page":"358","article-title":"The sickle cell trait in relation to the training and assignment of duties in the armed forces: III. Hyposthenuria, hematuria, sudden death, rhabdomyolysis, and acute tubular necrosis","volume":"55","author":"Diggs LW","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/161.5.303"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","first-page":"784","article-title":"Sudden exertional death and sickle cell trait","volume":"55","author":"Evans P","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.1810060109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70305-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090521"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-20031101-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505665112"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/193252"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2573-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2011.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970317)69:2<200::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.036673"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1583-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","first-page":"6P","article-title":"The molecular mechanism of human red cell sickling","volume":"1","author":"Murayama M","year":"1974","journal-title":"West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3732.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","unstructured":"PubMed.https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/. Accessed May 16 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25809"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25821"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16734"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","first-page":"270","article-title":"A fatal case of acute chest syndrome in a patient with undiagnosed sickle cell trait","volume":"108","author":"Steigman CK","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ark Med Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2004.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012665"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12787"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-057604"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-018-0179-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006110"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25615"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000496058"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21332"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003628"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630269.2020.1745827"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03596-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001592"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Haematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fejh.13478","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejh.13478","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ejh.13478","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejh.13478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1693564634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejh.13478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ejh.13478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejh.13478","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0902-4441","1600-0609"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0902-4441","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0609","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}