{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:14:55Z","timestamp":1791389695684,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European J of Haematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Herpes zoster (HZ), resulting from reactivation of latent varicella\u2010zoster virus (VZV), imposes a significant burden on immunocompromised patients, particularly those with hematological malignancies and recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). These populations face markedly increased risks of severe complications, including disseminated disease and postherpetic neuralgia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines the pathogenesis, epidemiology, risk factors, and evolving preventive strategies for HZ in patients with hematological disorders, with an emphasis on antiviral prophylaxis and vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relevant data from recent clinical trials, observational studies, and international guidelines were critically reviewed to evaluate the burden of HZ and the effectiveness of prophylactic interventions in immunocompromised populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunosuppression\u2014whether due to the underlying disease or post\u2010transplant immune reconstitution\u2014compromises VZV\u2010specific cellular immunity, thereby increasing HZ susceptibility. Incidence rates in high\u2010risk groups, such as HSCT recipients or patients treated with proteasome inhibitors, JAK2 inhibitors, or CAR\u2010T therapies, may exceed 30\u201360 per 1000 person\u2010years. Antiviral prophylaxis remains a fundamental preventive approach. The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (aRZV) demonstrates 68%\u201387% efficacy even in heavily immunosuppressed individuals. Emerging vaccine platforms, including mRNA\u2010based formulations, offer promising improvements in immunogenicity and scalability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with hematological conditions are particularly vulnerable to HZ. Effective prevention requires a tailored combination of antiviral prophylaxis and aRZV immunization. The development of mRNA\u2010based vaccines may further enhance preventive strategies for this at\u2010risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T05:33:51Z","timestamp":1759901631000},"page":"14-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Herpes Zoster in Hematological Disorders: Pathogenesis, Risk Stratification, and Emerging Strategies for Prevention and Immunization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Enrica Antonia","family":"Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Vigna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Bruzzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Amodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Catanzaro  Catanzaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Olivito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Labanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santino","family":"Caserta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Mendicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fortunato","family":"Morabito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIL Sezione di Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, Department of Onco\u2010Haematology AO of Cosenza  Cosenza Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science University of Calabria  Rende Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13995"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3395-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-017-0581-5"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"3496","article-title":"Towards Personalized Prevention of Herpes Zoster Infection in Patients With Haematologic Diseases or Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A Position Paper From an Ad Hoc Italian Expert Panel","volume":"109","author":"Girmenia C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2445384"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2025.2466261"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-170"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-00963-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-021-00535-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020528"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16729"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-077644"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-793760"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp013211"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603800"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30163-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31909"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-021-01076-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000504484"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6703a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7103a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1560918"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13030250"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2025.2495607"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Haematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejh.70049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:26:37Z","timestamp":1764750397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejh.70049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ejh.70049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejh.70049","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0902-4441","1600-0609"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0902-4441","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0609","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}