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Although numerous prognostic tools exist, relatively few models estimate outcomes conditional on a specific therapeutic regimen. Treatment\u2010specific prediction models are an important step toward individualized therapy selection. This review synthesizes the current landscape of treatment\u2010specific clinical prediction models in MM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured search of PubMed and Embase\/Scopus identified multivariable clinical prediction models developed within a static treatment framework, evaluating treatment\u2010specific therapeutic or toxicity\u2010related outcomes in MM. Information was extracted on treatment regimens, predictors, modeling methods, validation strategies, and reporting of clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirteen models were identified, evaluating therapeutic (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) or toxicity\u2010related (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093) outcomes across regimens including bortezomib\u2010based induction, daratumumab\u2010containing combinations, ixazomib\u2010based triplets, and CAR\u2010T therapy. Predictors were mainly routine clinical and laboratory variables, with limited integration of cytogenetics or patient\u2010reported outcomes. Most models used traditional regression methods; calibration was inconsistently reported, and external validation was performed in seven studies. Decision curve analysis was included in only two models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methodological and translational gaps remain, including limited transparency, scarce external validation, and lack of patient\u2010reported or longitudinal predictors. None of the models have been implemented as online calculators or integrated into electronic decision\u2010support systems, limiting real\u2010world uptake. Addressing these gaps is essential for developing clinically meaningful prediction tools to support personalized treatment in MM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.70177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:49:57Z","timestamp":1774867797000},"page":"100-116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment\u2010Specific Prediction Models in Multiple Myeloma: A Critical Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Mays M.","family":"Jarrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"},{"name":"Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humaid O.","family":"Al\u2010Shamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Burjeel Cancer Institute Burjeel Medical City  Abu Dhabi UAE"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences  Ras Al Khaimah UAE"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Abuhelwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology University of South Florida\/H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Bustanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy The University of Jordan  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Semreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"},{"name":"Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross A.","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sorich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Bedford Park South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4182-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Y.","family":"Abuhelwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"},{"name":"Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112712"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25791"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408\u2010022\u201000611\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010014\u20100241\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02614"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.2267"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.102908"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26590"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2025.105835"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.7273"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201024\u20102247"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.01.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16399-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4812637"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885\u2010022\u201010117\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911\u2010023\u201002293\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010018\u20100482\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102023\u2010074819"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010017\u20100332\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010017\u20100336\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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