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Here, we report on the presence of abnormal respiratory activity in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PACAP<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice under hypoxic conditions, which provides a basis for the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIDS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010like phenotype.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PACAP<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice display a lowered baseline respiratory activity compared with wild\u2010type animals, and an abnormal response to hypoxia. More specifically,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PACAP<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice at postnatal day 7 showed respiratory arrest in response to hypoxia. In contrast, their response to hypercapnic conditions was the same as that of wild\u2010type mice. Histological and real\u2010time<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>analyses indicated that the catecholaminergic system in the medulla oblongata was impaired in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PACAP<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice, suggesting that endogenous<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PACAP<\/jats:styled-content>affects respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata via its action on the catecholaminergic system. We propose that disruption of this system is involved in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIDS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010like phenotype of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PACAP<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>mice. Thus, disorders of the catecholaminergic system involved with O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>sensing could be implicated in underlying neuronal mechanisms responsible for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIDS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]],"date-time":"2012-11-09T09:31:55Z","timestamp":1352453515000},"page":"407-416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Impaired response to hypoxia in the respiratory center is a major cause of neonatal death of the<scp>PACAP<\/scp>\u2010knockout mouse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Satoru","family":"Arata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology Showa University Shinagawa\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Nakamachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology Showa University Shinagawa\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Onimaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Suita\u2010shi Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Shioda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Showa University School of Medicine Shinagawa\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3624-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(97)90762-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5692-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1995.1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00067-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.052514"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01131.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2623-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.10.0705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00125-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22435"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012608999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231094498"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00111-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.102533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1071508"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06206.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"R1279","article-title":"Impaired ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in mutant mice deficient in endothelin\u20101","volume":"270","author":"Kuwaki T.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. 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