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There are, however, visuomotor tasks where signed errors are unavailable or cannot be mapped onto appropriate motor command changes, rendering <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> learning ineffective; and yet, healthy subjects can learn in these <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> learning\u2010free conditions. While <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> learning depends on cerebellar integrity, the neural bases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010independent learning are poorly understood. As basal ganglia are involved in learning mechanisms that are independent of signed error feedback, here we tested whether patients with basal ganglia lesions, including those with Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease, would show impairments in a visuomotor learning task that prevents the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> learning. We employed two visuomotor throwing tasks that were similar, but were profoundly different in the resulting visual feedback. This difference was implemented through the introduction of either a lateral displacement of the visual field via a wedge prism (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> learning) or a horizontal reversal of the visual field via a dove prism (non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> learning). Our results show that patients with basal ganglia degeneration had normal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> learning in the wedge prism task, but were profoundly impaired in the reversing prism task that does not depend on the signed error signal feedback. These results represent the first evidence that human visuomotor learning in the absence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EB<\/jats:styled-content> feedback depends on the integrity of the basal ganglia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]],"date-time":"2013-06-27T07:29:05Z","timestamp":1372318145000},"page":"2933-2940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["The effect of <scp>P<\/scp>arkinson's disease and <scp>H<\/scp>untington's disease on human visuomotor learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Gutierrez\u2010Garralda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Edificio antiguo de investigaci\u00f3n 5\u00ba piso, Circuito Exterior Coyoacan C.P. 04510 D.F. 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