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The number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFAP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content> cells was also significantly higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ION<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCI<\/jats:styled-content> rats on day 7. The amplitude and duration of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JOR<\/jats:styled-content> were strongly suppressed after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSO<\/jats:styled-content> microinjection (m.i.) into the mot<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content> compared with that before <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSO<\/jats:styled-content> administration in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ION<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCI<\/jats:styled-content> rats. After <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSO<\/jats:styled-content> administration, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JOR<\/jats:styled-content> amplitude was strongly suppressed, and the duration of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JOR<\/jats:styled-content> was shortened. Forty minutes after m.i. of glutamine, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JOR<\/jats:styled-content> amplitude was gradually returned to the control level and the strongest attenuation of the suppressive effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSO<\/jats:styled-content> was observed at 180\u00a0min after glutamine m.i. In addition, glutamine also attenuated the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSO<\/jats:styled-content> effect on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JOR<\/jats:styled-content> duration, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JOR<\/jats:styled-content> duration was extended and returned to the control level thereafter. The present findings suggest that astroglial glutamate\u2013glutamine shuttle in the mot<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content> is involved in the modulation of excitability of the trigeminal motoneurons affecting the enhancement of various jaw reflexes associated with trigeminal nerve injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T09:12:04Z","timestamp":1395738724000},"page":"2050-2059","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Involvement of astroglial glutamate\u2013glutamine shuttle in modulation of the jaw\u2010opening reflex following infraorbital nerve injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Rahman Md.","family":"Mostafeezur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Physiology Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences 2\u20105274, Gakkocho\u2010dori Niigata 951\u20108514 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masamichi","family":"Shinoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Nihon University School of Dentistry Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syunpei","family":"Unno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Nihon University School of Dentistry Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossain Md.","family":"Zakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanako","family":"Takatsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Physiology Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences 2\u20105274, Gakkocho\u2010dori Niigata 951\u20108514 Japan"},{"name":"Division of Orthodontics Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kojiro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Physiology Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences 2\u20105274, Gakkocho\u2010dori Niigata 951\u20108514 Japan"},{"name":"Division of Orthodontics Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Physiology Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences 2\u20105274, Gakkocho\u2010dori Niigata 951\u20108514 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Yamamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Physiology Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences 2\u20105274, Gakkocho\u2010dori Niigata 951\u20108514 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Nihon University School of Dentistry Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Physiology Department of Oral Biological Science Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences 2\u20105274, Gakkocho\u2010dori Niigata 951\u20108514 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"619","article-title":"Astrocyte\u2010neuron signaling in the brain\u2013implications for disease","volume":"7","author":"Araque A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. 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