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When cannabinoid receptors, which are widely distributed through the nervous system, are activated by exogenous cannabinoids, breathing in adult rats is depressed. Here, we show that, in newborn mice, endocannabinoids, through the activation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>), participate in the modulation of respiration and its control. Blocking<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Rs at birth suppressed the brake exerted by endocannabinoids on ventilation in basal and in hypoxic conditions. The number of apnoeas and their duration were also minimized by activation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>s in normoxic and in hypoxic conditions. However, prenatal cannabis intoxication, caused by a daily injection of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WIN<\/jats:styled-content>55,212\u20102, in pregnant mice durably modified respiration of the offspring, as shown by hyperventilation in basal conditions, an altered chemoreflex in response to hypoxia, and longer apnoeas. When<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Rs were blocked in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WIN<\/jats:styled-content>55,212\u20102 treated newborns, persistent hyperventilation was still observed, which could partly be explained by a perturbation of the central respiratory network. In fact,<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>medullary preparations from<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WIN<\/jats:styled-content>55,212\u20102 treated pups, free of peripheral or of supramedullary structures, showed an altered fictive breathing frequency. In conclusion, the endocannabinoid pathway at birth seems to modulate breathing and protect the newborn against apnoeas. However, when exposed prenatally to an excess of cannabinoid, the breathing neuronal network in development seems to be modified, probably rendering the newborn more vulnerable in the face of an unstable environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T06:34:32Z","timestamp":1397111672000},"page":"2196-2204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["<i>In utero<\/i>cannabinoid exposure alters breathing and the response to hypoxia in newborn mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Keda C.","family":"Tree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289 Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 CNRS Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Scotto di Perretolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289 Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 CNRS Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Peyronnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289 Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 CNRS Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Cayetanot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289 Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 CNRS Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3101-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90056-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509494102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409641102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.16.3179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00205-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.4.1543","article-title":"Gap junctions and inhibitory synapses modulate inspiratory motoneuron synchronization","volume":"85","author":"Bou Flores C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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