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Whereas the pain system in the spinal cord is phylogenetically primitive and easily exhibits behavioral changes such as hyperalgesia in response to inflammation, the structural dynamics of dendrites has not been analysed in the spinal cord mainly due to tissue movements associated with breathing and heart beats. Here we present experimental procedures to prepare the spinal cord sufficiently to follow morphological changes of neuronal processes <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> by using two\u2010photon microscopy and transgenic mice expressing fluorescent protein specific to the nervous system. Structural changes such as the formation of spine\u2010like structures and swelling of dendrites were observed in the spinal dorsal horn within 30\u00a0min after the multiple\u2010site injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (a chemical irritant) to a leg, and these changes continued for 5\u00a0h. Both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMPA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor antagonists, and gabapentin, a presynaptic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channel blocker, completely suppressed the inflammation\u2010induced structural changes in the dendrites in the spinal dorsal horn. The present study first demonstrated by <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> two\u2010photon microscopy imaging that structural synaptic plasticity occurred in the spinal dorsal horn immediately after the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant and may be involved in inflammatory pain. Furthermore, acute inflammation\u2010associated structural changes in the spinal dorsal horn were shown to be mediated by glutamate receptor activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T13:11:25Z","timestamp":1422537085000},"page":"989-997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>In vivo<\/i> two\u2010photon imaging of structural dynamics in the spinal dorsal horn in an inflammatory pain model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Shinji","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry Kansai Medical University 2\u20105\u20101 Shin\u2010machi Hirakata 573\u20101010 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center Kansai University 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