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These echolocation experts show a corresponding increase in \u2018visual\u2019 cortex activity when listening to echo\u2010acoustic sounds. Echolocation in real\u2010life settings involves multiple reflections as well as active sound production, neither of which has been systematically addressed. We developed a virtualization technique that allows participants to actively perform such biosonar tasks in virtual echo\u2010acoustic space during magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>). Tongue clicks, emitted in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>scanner, are picked up by a microphone, convolved in real time with the binaural impulse responses of a virtual space, and presented via headphones as virtual echoes. In this manner, we investigated the brain activity during active echo\u2010acoustic localization tasks. Our data show that, in blind echolocation experts, activations in the calcarine cortex are dramatically enhanced when a single reflector is introduced into otherwise anechoic virtual space. A pattern\u2010classification analysis revealed that, in the blind, calcarine cortex activation patterns could discriminate left\u2010side from right\u2010side reflectors. This was found in both blind experts, but the effect was significant for only one of them. In sighted controls, \u2018visual\u2019 cortex activations were insignificant, but activation patterns in the planum temporale were sufficient to discriminate left\u2010side from right\u2010side reflectors. Our data suggest that blind and echolocation\u2010trained, sighted subjects may recruit different neural substrates for the same active\u2010echolocation task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T03:30:43Z","timestamp":1425267043000},"page":"533-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Aural localization of silent objects by active human biosonar: neural representations of virtual echo\u2010acoustic space"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Wallmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Gro\u00dfhaderner Str. 2 82152 Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Munich Germany"},{"name":"Division of Neurobiology Department Biologie II Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Gro\u00dfhaderner Str. 2 82152 Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Access for the Blind Placentia CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Wiegrebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Gro\u00dfhaderner Str. 2 82152 Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"},{"name":"Division of Neurobiology Department Biologie II Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Gro\u00dfhaderner Str. 2 82152 Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia L.","family":"Flanagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Gro\u00dfhaderner Str. 2 82152 Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn848"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Spatial Hearing: The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization","author":"Blauert J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009715923555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04005.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004645"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01275-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans A.C. 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