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To overcome these constraints, we have developed a powerful low\u2010cost and flexible imaging system with high spectral variability and unique spatio\u2010temporal precision for simultaneous optical recording and manipulation of neural activity of large cell groups. The system comprises eight high\u2010power light\u2010emitting diodes, a camera with a large metal\u2010oxide\u2010semiconductor sensor and a high numerical aperture water\u2010dipping objective. It allows fast and precise control of excitation and simultaneous low noise imaging at high resolution. Adjustable apertures generated two independent areas of variable size and position for simultaneous optical activation and image capture. The experimental applicability of this system was explored in semi\u2010isolated preparations of larval axolotl (<jats:italic>Ambystoma mexicanum<\/jats:italic>) with intact inner ear organs and central nervous circuits. Cyclic galvanic stimulation of semicircular canals together with glutamate\u2010 and \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010uncaging caused a corresponding modulation of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transients in central vestibular neurons. These experiments revealed specific cellular properties as well as synaptic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory inputs, responsible for spatio\u2010temporal\u2010specific sensory signal processing. Location\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010uncaging revealed a potent inhibitory shunt of vestibular nerve afferent input in the predominating population of tonic vestibular neurons, indicating a considerable impact of local and commissural inhibitory circuits on the processing of head\/body motion\u2010related signals. The discovery of these previously unknown properties of vestibular computations demonstrates the merits of our novel microscope system for experimental applications in the field of neurobiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,6]],"date-time":"2015-04-06T14:02:20Z","timestamp":1428328940000},"page":"1332-1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of signal processing in vestibular circuits with a novel light\u2010emitting diodes\u2010based fluorescence microscope"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Direnberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology II Division of Neurobiology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Grosshaderner Str. 2 Planegg\u2010Martinsried 82152 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Banchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology II Division of Neurobiology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Grosshaderner Str. 2 Planegg\u2010Martinsried 82152 Germany"},{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Brosel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology II Division of Neurobiology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Grosshaderner Str. 2 Planegg\u2010Martinsried 82152 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Seebacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology I BioImaging Center Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Laimgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology I BioImaging Center Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology I BioImaging Center Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Felmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology II Division of Neurobiology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Grosshaderner Str. 2 Planegg\u2010Martinsried 82152 Germany"},{"name":"Department Biology I BioImaging Center Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Planegg\u2010Martinsried Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Straka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology II Division of Neurobiology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Grosshaderner Str. 2 Planegg\u2010Martinsried 82152 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biology II Division of Neurobiology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University Munich Grosshaderner Str. 2 Planegg\u2010Martinsried 82152 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,30]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00585.2011"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.5.2514"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5232-06.2007"},{"unstructured":"Beraneck M. 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