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It is unclear, however, whether this brain region plays a causal role in arithmetic skill acquisition and whether arithmetic learning can be modulated by means of non\u2010invasive brain stimulation of this key region. In the present study we addressed these questions by applying transcranial direct current stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>) over the left <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content> during a short\u2010term training that simulates the typical path of arithmetic skill acquisition (specifically the transition from effortful procedural to memory\u2010based problem\u2010solving strategies). Sixty participants received either anodal, cathodal or sham <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> while practising complex multiplication and subtraction problems. The stability of the stimulation\u2010induced learning effects was assessed in a follow\u2010up test 24\u00a0h after the training. Learning progress was modulated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>. Cathodal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> (compared with sham) decreased learning rates during training and resulted in poorer performance which lasted over 24\u00a0h after stimulation. Anodal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> showed an operation\u2010specific improvement for subtraction learning. Our findings extend previous studies by demonstrating that the left <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content> is causally involved in arithmetic learning (and not only in arithmetic performance) and that even a short\u2010term <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> application can modulate the success of arithmetic knowledge acquisition. Moreover, our finding of operation\u2010specific anodal stimulation effects suggests that the enhancing effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> on learning can selectively affect just one of several cognitive processes mediated by the stimulated area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,13]],"date-time":"2015-05-13T14:32:55Z","timestamp":1431527575000},"page":"1667-1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex modulates arithmetic learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Roland H.","family":"Grabner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Graz Maiffredygasse 12b A\u20108010 Graz Austria"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"R\u00fctsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Sciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian C.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research (SNS\u2010Lab) Department of Economics University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias U.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Intelligenz\u2010Struktur\u2010Test 2000 R","author":"Amthauer R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2334"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1692-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2013.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290244000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2003.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Some assumptions and facts about arithmetic facts","volume":"47","author":"Domahs F.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. 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