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Because Piry virus has a limited human pathogenicity and exercise reduces activation of microglia in aged mice, possible influences of environment and aging on microglial morphology and behavior in mice sublethal encephalitis were investigated. Female albino Swiss mice were raised either in standard (S) or in enriched (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EE<\/jats:styled-content>) cages from age 2 to 6\u00a0months (young \u2013 Y), or from 2 to 16 months (aged \u2013 A). After behavioral tests, mice nostrils were instilled with Piry\u2010virus\u2010infected or with normal brain homogenates. Brain sections were immunolabeled for virus antigens or microglia at 8\u00a0days post\u2010infection (dpi), when behavioral changes became apparent, and at 20 and 40\u00a0dpi, after additional behavioral testing. Young infected mice from standard (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SYP<\/jats:styled-content>y) and enriched (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EYP<\/jats:styled-content>y) groups showed similar transient impairment in burrowing activity and olfactory discrimination, whereas aged infected mice from both environments (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EAP<\/jats:styled-content>y, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SAP<\/jats:styled-content>y) showed permanent reduction in both tasks. The beneficial effects of an enriched environment were smaller in aged than in young mice. Six\u2010hundred and forty microglial cells, 80 from each group were reconstructed. An unbiased, stereological sampling approach and multivariate statistical analysis were used to search for microglial morphological families. This procedure allowed distinguishing between microglial morphology of infected and control subjects. More severe virus\u2010associated microglial changes were observed in young than in aged mice, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EYP<\/jats:styled-content>y seem to recover microglial homeostatic morphology earlier than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SYP<\/jats:styled-content>y . Because Piry\u2010virus encephalitis outcomes were more severe in aged mice, it is suggested that the reduced inflammatory response in those individuals may aggravate encephalitis outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]],"date-time":"2015-05-15T15:18:17Z","timestamp":1431703097000},"page":"2036-2050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional morphometric analysis of microglial changes in a mouse model of virus encephalitis: age and environmental influences"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Aline A.","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Neurodegenera\u00e7\u00e3o e Infec\u00e7\u00e3o no Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata R.","family":"dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Neurodegenera\u00e7\u00e3o e Infec\u00e7\u00e3o no Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila M.","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Neurodegenera\u00e7\u00e3o e Infec\u00e7\u00e3o no Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus A.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Neurodegenera\u00e7\u00e3o e Infec\u00e7\u00e3o no Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiany N.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avenida Alcindo Cancela Universidade da Amaz\u00f4nia Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni F.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Neurodegenera\u00e7\u00e3o e Infec\u00e7\u00e3o no Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Neurodegenera\u00e7\u00e3o e Infec\u00e7\u00e3o no Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nara M.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00f5es em Neurodegenera\u00e7\u00e3o e Infec\u00e7\u00e3o no Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Jo\u00e3o de Barros Barreto Bel\u00e9m Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristovam G.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Par\u00e1 Bragan\u00e7a Par\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia C. 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