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Short\u2010term nerve regeneration after reconstruction of a 10\u2010mm sciatic nerve defect with either a hollow chitosan conduit or an autologous nerve graft was investigated in healthy Wistar and diabetic Goto\u2013Kakizaki (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GK<\/jats:styled-content>) rats. After 21\u00a0days, axonal outgrowth, the presence of activated and apoptotic Schwann cells and the thickness of the formed matrix in the conduits were measured. In general, nerve regeneration was superior in autologous nerve grafts. In chitosan conduits, a matrix, which was thicker in diabetic rats, was formed and was positively correlated with length of axonal outgrowth. Axonal outgrowth in conduits and in nerve grafts extended further in diabetic rats than in healthy rats. There was a higher percentage of activating transcription factor\u00a03 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATF<\/jats:styled-content>3)\u2010immunostained cells in nerve segments from healthy rats than in diabetic rats after autologous nerve graft reconstruction. In chitosan conduits, more cleaved caspase 3\u2010stained Schwann cells were generally observed in the matrix from the diabetic rats than in healthy rats. However, there were fewer apoptotic cells in the distal segment in diabetic rats reconstructed with a chitosan conduit. Preoperative glucose levels were positively correlated with axonal outgrowth after both reconstruction methods. Axonal regeneration was better in autologous nerve grafts than in hollow chitosan conduits and was enhanced in diabetic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GK<\/jats:styled-content> rats compared to healthy rats after reconstruction. This study provides insights into the nerve regeneration process in a clinically relevant diabetic animal model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T06:34:30Z","timestamp":1441866870000},"page":"463-473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Nerve regeneration in chitosan conduits and in autologous nerve grafts in healthy and in type\u00a02 diabetic Goto\u2013Kakizaki rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Stenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine \u2013 Hand Surgery Lund University Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms gata 5 205 02 Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Integrated Health Sciences Institute of Biomedical and Health Science Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotta","family":"Lindwall\u2010Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellectricon AB M\u00f6lndal Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars B.","family":"Dahlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine \u2013 Hand Surgery Lund University Jan Waldenstr\u00f6ms gata 5 205 02 Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-76"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2012.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328357a797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21695"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30059-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02844310151032510"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(89)90193-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(90)90074-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Combining independent tests of significance","volume":"2","author":"Fisher R.A.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. 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