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We examined whether imagination and the execution of the same voluntary movement \u2013 finger oppositions with either hand \u2013 were associated with specific patterns of activation. We also explored whether these patterns correlated with the severity of the syndrome, as measured by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YGTSS<\/jats:styled-content>) for motor tics. The presence of brain morphometric abnormalities was also assessed using voxel\u2010based morphometry. Crucial to our experiment was the manipulation of the presence of an explicit motor outflow in the tasks. We anticipated a reduction in the ticking manifestation during the explicit motor task and brain activation differences between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTS<\/jats:styled-content> patients and 24 age\/gender\u2010matched normal controls. The anticipated differences were all evident in the form of hyperactivations in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTS<\/jats:styled-content> patients in the premotor and prefrontal areas for both motor tasks for both hands; however, the motor imagery hyperactivations also involved rostral pre\u2010frontal and temporo\u2010parietal regions of the right hemisphere. The blood oxygen level\u2010dependent responses of the premotor cortices during the motor imagery task were significantly correlated with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YGTSS<\/jats:styled-content> scores. In contrast, no significant brain morphometric differences were found. This study provides evidence of a different neurofunctional organisation of motor control between adult patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTS<\/jats:styled-content> and healthy controls that is independent from the actual execution of motor acts. The presence of an explicit motor outflow in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTS<\/jats:styled-content> mitigates the manifestation of tics and the need for compensatory brain activity in the brain regions showing task\u2010dependent hyperactivations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T15:32:40Z","timestamp":1447428760000},"page":"494-508","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of motor control in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome during imagined and executed movements"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Zapparoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department and NeuroMI\u2010Milan Center for Neuroscience Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1 Milan Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Galeazzi Milan 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