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Although these diverse functions are mediated by neural structures located in wide\u2010ranging parts of the neuraxis, anaesthesia can be induced rapidly and reversibly by bilateral microinjection of minute quantities of \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>)<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\u2010R agonists at a small, focal locus in the mesopontine tegmentum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPTA<\/jats:styled-content>). State switching under these circumstances is presumably executed by dedicated neural pathways and does not require widespread distribution of the anaesthetic agent itself, the classical assumption regarding anaesthetic induction. Here it was asked whether these pathways serve each hemisphere independently, or whether there is bilateral redundancy such that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPTA<\/jats:styled-content> on each side is capable of anaesthetizing the entire brain. Either of two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010R ligands were microinjected unilaterally into the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPTA<\/jats:styled-content> in awake rats, the barbiturate modulator pentobarbital and the direct receptor agonist muscimol. Both agents, microinjected on either side, induced clinical anaesthesia, including bilateral atonia, bilateral analgesia and bilateral changes in cortical activity. The latter was monitored using <jats:italic>c\u2010fos<\/jats:italic> expression and electroencephalography. This action, however, was not simply a consequence of suppressing spike activity in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPTA<\/jats:styled-content> neurons, as unilateral (or bilateral) microinjection of the local anaesthetic lidocaine at the same locus failed to induce anaesthesia. A model of the state\u2010switching circuitry that accounts for the bilateral action of unilateral microinjection and also for the observation that inactivation with lidocaine is not equivalent to inhibition with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010R agonists was proposed. This is a step in defining the overall switching circuitry that underlies anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,25]],"date-time":"2016-01-25T11:34:46Z","timestamp":1453721686000},"page":"846-858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Model of anaesthetic induction by unilateral intracerebral microinjection of <scp>GABA<\/scp>ergic agonists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8206-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshall","family":"Devor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Zalkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yelena","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Minert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1357-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3789"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"Nouvelles recherches sur le mecanisme du someil","volume":"122","author":"Bremer F.","year":"1936","journal-title":"C. 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