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In contrast, the effects of other rate modulators such as general anesthesia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GA<\/jats:styled-content>) on this ratio have been ignored. To respond to this need, we recorded the neuronal activity in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>i in awake and anesthetized human patients with dystonia (57 and 53 trajectories respectively) and in awake patients with Parkinson's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>, 16 trajectories) undergoing deep brain stimulation procedures. This triad enabled us to dissociate pallidal discharge ratio from general discharge modulation. An automatic offline spike detection and isolation quality system was used to select 1560 highly isolated units for analysis. The mean discharge rate in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>i of awake <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> patients was dramatically higher than in awake dystonia patients although the firing rate in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e was similar. Firing rates in dystonic patients under anesthesia were lower in both nuclei. Surprisingly, in all three groups, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e firing rates were correlated with firing rates in the ipsilateral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>i. Thus, the firing rate ratio of ipsilateral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>i\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e pairs was similar in awake and anesthetized patients with dystonia and significantly higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>. We suggest that pallidal activity is modulated by at least two independent processes: dopaminergic state which changes the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>i\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e firing rate ratio, and anesthesia which modulates firing rates in both pallidal nuclei without changing the ratio between their firing rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T12:56:45Z","timestamp":1474894605000},"page":"2909-2913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anesthesia reduces discharge rates in the human pallidum without changing the discharge rate ratio between pallidal segments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Castrioto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN) 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