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Nerve repair is the common clinical treatment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNI<\/jats:styled-content> but is always obstructed by the chronic degeneration of the distal stump and muscle. Cell transplantation can alleviate the muscle atrophy after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNI<\/jats:styled-content>, but the subsequent recovery of the locomotive function is seldom described. In this study, we combined cell transplantation and nerve repair to investigate whether the transplantation of embryonic spinal cord cells could benefit the delayed nerve repair. The experiment consisted of 3 stages: transection of the tibial nerve to induce \u2018pre\u2010degeneration\u2019, a second surgery performed 2\u00a0weeks later for transplantation of E14 embryonic spinal cord cells or vehicle (culture medium) at the distal end of the injured nerve, and, 3\u00a0months later, the removal of the grafted cells and the cross\u2010suturing of the residual distal end to the proximal end of a freshly cut ipsilateral common peroneal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CP<\/jats:styled-content>) nerve. Cell survival and fate after the transplantation were investigated, and the functional recovery after the cross\u2010suturing was compared between the groups. The grafted cells could survive and generate motor neurons, extending axons that were subsequently myelinated and forming synapses with the muscle. After the cross\u2010suturing, the axonal regeneration from the proximal stump of the injured <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CP<\/jats:styled-content> nerve and the functional recovery of the denervated gastrocnemius muscle were significantly promoted in the group receiving the cells. Our study presents a new perspective indicating that the transplantation of embryonic spinal cord neurons may be a valuable therapeutic strategy for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T16:06:12Z","timestamp":1481817972000},"page":"750-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord neurons to the injured distal nerve promotes axonal regeneration after delayed nerve repair"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Wenming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University No. 20 Chazhong Road Fuzhou 350005 Fujian China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam 999077 Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam 999077 Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaofan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University No. 20 Chazhong Road Fuzhou 350005 Fujian China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics &amp; Traumatology Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam 999077 Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory for CNS Regeneration Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration Jinan University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wai Man","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam 999077 Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yejun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University No. 20 Chazhong Road Fuzhou 350005 Fujian China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wutian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam 999077 Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory for CNS Regeneration Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration Jinan University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University Fuzhou Fujian China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199706000-00064","article-title":"A review on the history of end\u2010to\u2010side neurorrhaphy","volume":"99","author":"Battal M.N.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast. 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