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The am<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content> modulates fear and anxiety, and activation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content> dopamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>) neurons by am<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content> afferents seems to be the way by which stress controls motivational states associated with reward or aversion. Because fear learning and anxiety states can be expressed differently between rats and mice, we compared the functional connectivity between am<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content> and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content> neurons in both species using consistent methodological approaches. Using a combination of <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> electrophysiological, neuroanatomical tracing and laser capture approaches we explored the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content> influences on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content> neuron activity. First, we characterised in rats the molecular phenotype of the am<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content> neurons projecting to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content>. We found that this projection is complex, including both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>ergic and glutamatergic neurons. Then, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content> injections of a conventional retrograde tracer, the \u03b2\u2010sub\u2010unit of the cholera toxin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTB<\/jats:styled-content>), revealed a stronger <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content> projection in mice than in rats. Finally, electrical stimulations of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content> during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content> neuron recording demonstrated a more potent excitatory influence of the am<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content> on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content> neuron activity in rats than in mice. These data illustrate anatomically, but also functionally, a significant difference between rats and mice in the am<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNST<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTA<\/jats:styled-content> pathway. More generally, together with previous findings, our research highlights the importance of species differences for the interpretation and the generalisation of research data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T15:28:50Z","timestamp":1488814130000},"page":"1230-1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Species\u2010specific diversity in the anatomical and physiological organisation of the <scp>BNST<\/scp>\u2010<scp>VTA<\/scp> pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Kaufling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5297 Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux Bordeaux France"},{"name":"UMR 5297 Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5297 Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux Bordeaux France"},{"name":"UMR 5297 Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marl\u00e8ne","family":"Maitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocentre Magendie U1215 INSERM Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Leste\u2010Lasserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocentre Magendie U1215 INSERM Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2628-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Georges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5293 Neurodegeneratives Diseases Institute Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux F\u201033076 Bordeaux France"},{"name":"UMR 5293 Neurodegeneratives Diseases Institute Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0425-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.026120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"A brief history of animal modeling","volume":"110","author":"Ericsson A.C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mo. 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