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Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>) during a task requiring to arbitrarily associate a visual stimulus with a specific action, we have recently shown that perceptual decisions are encoded within the same sensory\u2010motor regions responsible for planning and executing specific motor actions. Here we examined whether these regions additionally encode the amount of expected reward for a perceptual decision. Using a task requiring to associate a gradually unmasked female vs. male picture with a spatially\u2010directed hand pointing or saccadic eye movement, we examined whether the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> time course of effector\u2010selective regions was modulated by the amount of expected reward. In both the pointing\u2010selective parietal reach region (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRR<\/jats:styled-content>) and the saccade\u2010selective posterior intraparietal region (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pIPS<\/jats:styled-content>), reward\u2010related modulations were only observed after the onset of the stimulus, during decision formation. However, while in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRR<\/jats:styled-content> these modulations were specific for the preferred pointing response, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pIPS<\/jats:styled-content> showed greater activity when either a saccadic or a pointing movement was associated with a greater reward relative to neutral conditions. Interestingly, the fusiform face area showed a similar reward\u2010related but response\u2010independent modulation, consistent with a general motivational signal rather than with a mechanism for biasing specific sensory or motor representations. Together, our results support an account of perception as a process of probabilistic inference in which top\u2010down and bottom\u2010up information are integrated at every level of the cortical hierarchy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T15:29:17Z","timestamp":1488814157000},"page":"1152-1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of reward expectation on the time course of perceptual decisions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9004-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Tosoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences G. D'Annunzio University Via dei Vestini 33 66013 Chieti Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies G. 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