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However, the efficacy of these techniques and their optimal parameters for producing robust results has not been studied. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to consolidate current knowledge about the effects of various parameters of a\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>, c\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> tACS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> tRNS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tPCS<\/jats:styled-content> on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSE<\/jats:styled-content> of the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy people. Leading electronic databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 1990 and February 2017; 126 articles were identified, and their results were extracted and analysed using RevMan software. The meta\u2010analysis showed that a\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> application on the dominant side significantly increases <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSE<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and that the efficacy of a\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> is dependent on current density and duration of application. Similar results were obtained for stimulation of M1 on the non\u2010dominant side (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003). The effects of a\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> reduce significantly after 24\u00a0h (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006). Meta\u2010analysis also revealed significant reduction in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSE<\/jats:styled-content> following c\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and significant increases after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tRNS<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tPCS<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01). However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tACS<\/jats:styled-content> effects on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSE<\/jats:styled-content> were only significant when the stimulation frequency was \u2265140\u00a0Hz. This review provides evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tES<\/jats:styled-content> has substantial effects on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSE<\/jats:styled-content> in healthy individuals for a range of stimulus parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,12]],"date-time":"2017-07-12T05:16:41Z","timestamp":1499836601000},"page":"1968-1990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Does transcranial electrical stimulation enhance corticospinal excitability of the motor cortex in healthy individuals? 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