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Although the emergence of behavioural symptoms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> in toddlerhood is well characterized, far less is known about development during the first months of life of infants at familial risk. In a prospective longitudinal study of infants at familial risk followed to 36\u00a0months, we measured functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fNIRS<\/jats:styled-content>) brain responses to social videos of people (i.e. peek\u2010a\u2010boo) compared to non\u2010social images (vehicles) and human vocalizations compared to non\u2010vocal sounds. At 4\u20136\u00a0months, infants who went on to develop <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> at 3\u00a0years (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05) evidenced\u2010reduced activation to visual social stimuli relative to low\u2010risk infants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016) across inferior frontal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFG<\/jats:styled-content>) and posterior temporal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pSTS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPJ<\/jats:styled-content>) regions of the cortex. Furthermore, these infants also showed reduced activation to vocal sounds and enhanced activation to non\u2010vocal sounds within left lateralized temporal (aMTG\u2010STG\/pSTS\u2010TPJ) regions compared with low\u2010risk infants and high\u2010risk infants who did not develop <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015). The degree of activation to both the visual and auditory stimuli correlated with parent\u2010reported <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> symptomology in toddlerhood. These preliminary findings are consistent with later atypical social brain responses seen in children and adults with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>, and highlight the need for further work interrogating atypical processing in early infancy and how it may relate to later social interaction and communication difficulties characteristic of ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]],"date-time":"2017-10-23T08:26:37Z","timestamp":1508747197000},"page":"736-749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Cortical responses before 6\u00a0months of life associate with later autism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6742-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Lloyd\u2010Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development Birkbeck, University of London Malet St. WC1E 7HX London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development Birkbeck, University of London Malet St. WC1E 7HX London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Pasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, &amp; Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Gliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development Birkbeck, University of London Malet St. WC1E 7HX London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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