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As that model could not accurately predict <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FM<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity and the interference effects, temporal fine structure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content>) cues were added to the model. Thus, following the initial stage of the model consisting of a linear filter bank simulating cochlear filtering, processing was split into an \u2018envelope path\u2019 based on envelope power cues and a \u2018<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> path\u2019 based on a measure of the distribution of time intervals between successive zero\u2010crossings. This yielded independent detectability indices for envelope and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> cues, which were optimally combined to produce a single decision statistic. Independent internal noises in the envelope and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> paths were adjusted to match the data. Simulations indicate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> cues are required to account for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FM<\/jats:styled-content> data for young normal\u2010hearing listeners and that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> processing is impaired for both older normal\u2010hearing and hearing\u2010impaired listeners. The role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> was further assessed by relating the monaural <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FM<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity to measures of interaural phase difference, commonly assumed to rely on binaural <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity. The model demonstrates that binaural <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity is considerably lower than monaural <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFS<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity. Similar to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FM<\/jats:styled-content> thresholds, interaural phase difference sensitivity declined with age and hearing loss, although higher degradations were observed in binaural temporal processing compared to monaural processing. Overall, this model provides a novel tool to explore the mechanisms involved in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FM<\/jats:styled-content> processing in the normal auditory system and the degradations in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FM<\/jats:styled-content> sensitivity with ageing and hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T07:43:10Z","timestamp":1516866190000},"page":"1265-1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A two\u2010path model of auditory modulation detection using temporal fine structure and envelope cues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan D.","family":"Ewert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Physik and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihaad","family":"Paraouty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des syst\u00e8mes perceptifs D\u00e9partement d\u2019\u00e9tudes cognitives, \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure CNRS PSL Research University Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lorenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des syst\u00e8mes perceptifs D\u00e9partement d\u2019\u00e9tudes cognitives, \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure CNRS PSL Research University Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2816415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00593.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4966113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3295575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4960574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4999059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.6.1303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/417543a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4768882"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"On the detection of amplitude modulation and frequency modulation at low modulation frequencies","volume":"61","author":"Demany L.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acustica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(93)90212-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3506350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3699233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1288665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1737399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3531841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(90)90074-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age\u2010group differences in speech identification despite matched audiometrically normal hearing: contributions from auditory temporal processing and cognition","volume":"6","author":"F\u00fcllgrabe C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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