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However, it is still a controversial topic whether these pathways are segregated or merged with each other. To address this issue, we studied the connections of these two pathways in the caudal parts of the basal ganglia of rhesus monkeys using anatomical tracers. Our previous studies showed that the caudal basal ganglia control saccades by conveying long\u2010term values (stable values) of many visual objects toward the superior colliculus. In experiment 1, we injected a tracer in the caudate tail (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>t), and found local dense plexuses of axon terminals in the caudal\u2010dorsal\u2010lateral part of substantia nigra pars reticulata (cdl<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SN<\/jats:styled-content>r) and the caudal\u2010ventral part of globus pallidus externus (cv<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e). These anterograde projections may correspond to the direct and indirect pathways, respectively. To verify this in experiment 2, we injected different tracers into cdl<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SN<\/jats:styled-content>r and cv<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e, and found many retrogradely labeled neurons in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>t and, in addition, the caudal\u2010ventral part of the putamen (cvPut). These cdl<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SN<\/jats:styled-content>r\u2010projecting and cv<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e\u2010projecting neurons were found intermingled in both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>t and cvPut (which we call \u201cstriatum tail\u201d). A small but significant proportion of neurons (&lt;15%) were double\u2010labeled, indicating that they projected to both cdl<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SN<\/jats:styled-content>r and cv<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e. These anatomical results suggest that stable value signals (good vs. bad) are sent from the striatum tail to cdl<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SN<\/jats:styled-content>r and cv<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GP<\/jats:styled-content>e in a biased (but not exclusive) manner. These connections may play an important role in biasing saccades toward higher valued objects and away from lower valued objects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T11:25:55Z","timestamp":1525778755000},"page":"712-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Neuronal connections of direct and indirect pathways for stable value memory in caudal basal ganglia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8809-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Amita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5253-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyoung F.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon Korea"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Suwon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3868-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atul","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2458-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Okihide","family":"Hikosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90202-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.3.1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90735-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00336-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-09-05999.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-08-03222.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(85)90196-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00092-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00112-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07564.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/311461a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.11.5723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1691-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.5.1285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0487-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0381-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-10-03421.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.3.525"},{"issue":"920","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"e923","article-title":"Indirect pathway of caudal basal ganglia for rejection of valueless visual objects","volume":"94","author":"Kim H. 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