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Responses to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> differ substantially between individuals. Sex hormones that modulate cortical excitability, such as estrogen, may contribute to this inter\u2010individual variability. The influence of estrogen on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> after\u2010effects has not yet been researched. This study aimed to investigate whether endogenous estrogen levels influence cortical response to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>. Data from 15 male and 14 female healthy adults were analyzed. Males completed one experimental session. Females completed two, one during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle when estrogen was low, one during the mid\u2010luteal phase when estrogen was high. Each session comprised 15\u2010min of anodal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content>). Response to stimulation was assessed using electroencephalography with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content> transcranial magnetic stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>) administered before, immediately after, and 20\u2010min after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>. Changes in amplitudes of N120 and P200 components of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010evoked potentials over time were compared between males, women with low estrogen and women with high estrogen. Blood assays verified estrogen levels. Women with high estrogen demonstrated a significant increase in P200 amplitude at both time points and change over time was greater for the high estrogen group compared with males. No significant differences were observed between males and women with low estrogen, or between women with low and high estrogen. These preliminary results indicate that greater neuroplastic response to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> is seen in highest compared with lowest estrogen states, suggesting that endogenous estrogen levels contribute to inter\u2010individual variability of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T10:10:23Z","timestamp":1532513423000},"page":"2001-2012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The influence of endogenous estrogen on transcranial direct current stimulation: A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6338-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Alfred 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