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Here, we asked if demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long\u2010 or intermittent access self\u2010administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug\u2010seeking. Because the orexin\u20101 receptor antagonist\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010334867 (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is particularly effective at reducing drug\u2010seeking in highly motivated individuals, we also asked whether demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    efficacy. Demand elasticity (\u03b1) measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self\u2010administration (\u2018baseline \u03b1\u2019) was positively correlated with \u03b1 assessed after 2w of long\u2010 or intermittent access. Baseline \u03b1 also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug\u2010seeking in initial abstinence and cued reinstatement following long\u2010, intermittent\u2010 or standard short access. When demand was measured\n                    <jats:italic>after<\/jats:italic>\n                    these differential access conditions, \u03b1 predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline \u03b1, as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. \u03b1 also predicted the efficacy of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , such that high demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    compared to low demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that \u03b1 might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin\u2010based therapies for the treatment of addiction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]],"date-time":"2018-09-22T05:24:34Z","timestamp":1537593874000},"page":"2602-2612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Demand elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin\/hypocretin\u20101 receptor antagonist in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9298-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan H.","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Institute Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences 683 Hoes Lane West Piscataway NJ 08854 USA"},{"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Bowrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Institute Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences 683 Hoes Lane West Piscataway NJ 08854 USA"},{"name":"Save Sight Institute The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin M.","family":"Stopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Institute Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences 683 Hoes Lane West Piscataway NJ 08854 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5034-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Aston\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Institute Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences 683 Hoes Lane West Piscataway NJ 08854 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5387.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2899-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406324111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3312-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07811.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520491113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703615105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.01.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.115.1.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"008","article-title":"Insights for developing pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant relapse targeting hypothalamic peptide systems","volume":"4","author":"James M.H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Addict. 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