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A partial account of this variability relates to individual differences in dopamine function. Indeed, dopaminergic manipulations alter the physiological and cognitive\u2010behavioral effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>, and gene polymorphisms related to dopamine have predicted individual response to online <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> (i.e., stimulation overlapping with the critical task). Notably, the role of individual differences in dopamine has not yet been properly assessed in the effect of offline <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> (i.e., stimulation prior to the critical task). We investigated if and how the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COMT<\/jats:styled-content> Val<jats:sup>158<\/jats:sup>Met polymorphism (rs4680) modulates the after\u2010effect of prefrontal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> on verbal working memory (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content>). One hundred and thirty\u2010nine participants were genotyped for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COMT<\/jats:styled-content> Val<jats:sup>158<\/jats:sup>Met polymorphism and received anodal\u2010over\u2010left, cathodal\u2010over\u2010right (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content>), cathodal\u2010over\u2010left, anodal\u2010over\u2010right (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content>), or sham stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a between\u2010subjects, pretest\u2013posttest study design. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content> was assessed using the N\u2010back task. The results provide no evidence that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COMT<\/jats:styled-content> polymorphism impacts the after\u2010effect of prefrontal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WM<\/jats:styled-content>. Taken together with previous findings on dopamine and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> interactions, the results of the present study suggest that (a) indirect markers of dopamine (such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COMT<\/jats:styled-content>) are differently related to online and offline effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>, and (b) findings from studies involving pharmacological manipulation should be generalized with caution to findings of inter\u2010individual differences. In sum, we argue that state (i.e., a manipulation of) and trait (i.e., baseline) differences in dopamine may exert different effects on online and offline <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T08:49:03Z","timestamp":1541580543000},"page":"263-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The <scp>COMT<\/scp> Val<sup>158<\/sup>Met polymorphism does not modulate the after\u2010effect of <scp>tDCS<\/scp> on working memory"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7333-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryant J.","family":"Jongkees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Psychology Unit &amp; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra A.","family":"Loseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Psychology Unit &amp; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh B.","family":"Yavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors  Dortmund Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors  Dortmund Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Georg\u2010August University G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenza S.","family":"Colzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Psychology Unit &amp; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Psychology Faculty of Psychology Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Sports and Sport Science University of Kassel  Kassel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-017-0007-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90179-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111134598"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.1.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2334-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3655-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0832-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-j0003.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.04.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20672"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308280101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6394-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-013-0364-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"The ten\u2010twenty electrode system of the International Federation","volume":"10","author":"Jasper H. 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