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One emerging target is the opioid system, where substance\u2010dependent populations demonstrate prefrontal opioid dysregulation that predicts impulsivity and relapse. This may suggest that disturbances to the prefrontal opioid system could confer a risk for relapse in addiction due to weakened \u2018top\u2010down\u2019 control over impulsive behaviour. Naltrexone is currently licensed for alcohol dependence and is also used clinically for impulse control disorders. Using a go\/no\u2010go (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) task, we examined the effects of acute naltrexone on the neural correlates of successful motor impulse control in abstinent alcoholics (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), abstinent polysubstance\u2010dependent (poly\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) individuals and controls during a randomised double blind placebo controlled\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    study. In the absence of any differences on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GNG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    task performance, the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    group showed a significantly greater\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    response compared to the control group in lateral and medial prefrontal regions during both placebo and naltrexone treatments; effects that were positively correlated with alcohol abstinence. There was also a dissociation in the positive modulating effects of naltrexone in the orbitofrontal cortex (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OFC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and anterior insula cortex (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and poly\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    groups respectively. Self\u2010reported trait impulsivity in the poly\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    group also predicted the effect of naltrexone in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . These results suggest that acute naltrexone differentially amplifies neural responses within two distinct regions of a salience network during successful motor impulse control in abstinent\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and poly\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    groups, which are predicted by trait impulsivity in the poly\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    group.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T02:09:11Z","timestamp":1541556551000},"page":"2311-2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Naltrexone differentially modulates the neural correlates of motor impulse control in abstinent alcohol\u2010dependent and polysubstance\u2010dependent individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8854-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam J.","family":"Nestor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Unit Centre for Psychiatry Imperial College London London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Unit Centre for Psychiatry Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit University of Manchester Manchester 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