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A number of reports suggest that the microbiota may be associated with neuropsychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder, autism and anxiety. The gut microbiota is thought to influence the brain via vagus nerve signalling, among other possible mechanisms. The insula processes and integrates these vagal signals. To determine if microbiota diversity and structure modulate brain activity, we collected faecal samples and examined insular function using resting state functional connectivity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSFC<\/jats:styled-content>). Thirty healthy participants (non\u2010smokers, tobacco smokers and electronic cigarette users, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010 each) were studied. We found that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSFC<\/jats:styled-content> between the insula and several regions (frontal pole left, lateral occipital cortex right, lingual gyrus right and cerebellum 4, 5 and vermis 9) were associated with bacterial microbiota diversity and structure. In addition, two specific bacteria genera, <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, were specifically different in tobacco smokers and also associated with insular connectivity. In conclusion, we show that insular connectivity is associated with microbiome diversity, structure and at least two specific bateria genera. Furthemore, this association is potentially modulated by tobacco smoking, although the sample sizes for the different smoking groups were small and this result needs validation in a larger cohort. While replication is necessary, the microbiota is a readily accessible therapeutic target for modulating insular connectivity, which has previously been shown to be abnormal in anxiety and tobacco use disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]],"date-time":"2018-12-16T10:49:21Z","timestamp":1544957361000},"page":"2446-2452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Insular resting state functional connectivity is associated with gut microbiota diversity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Kaylah","family":"Curtis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine One Baylor Plaza, A277 Houston TX 77030 USA"},{"name":"Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher 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