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To date, most studies of brain areas underlying proactive inhibition have exclusively considered the objective predictive value of environmental cues, by varying the probability of stop\u2010signals. However, by only taking into account the effect of different cues on brain activation, the subjective component of how cues affect behavior is ignored. We used a modified stop\u2010signal response task that includes a measurement for subjective expectation, to investigate the effect of this subjective interpretation. After presenting a cue indicating the probability that a stop\u2010signal will occur, subjects were asked whether they expected a stop\u2010signal to occur. Furthermore, response time was used to retrospectively model brain activation related to stop\u2010expectation. We found more activation during the cue period for 50% stop\u2010signal probability, when contrasting with 0%, in the mid and inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobe and putamen. When contrasting expected vs. unexpected trials, we found modest effects in the mid frontal gyrus, parietal, and occipital areas. With our third contrast, we modeled brain activation during the cue with trial\u2010by\u2010trial variances in response times. This yielded activation in the putamen, inferior parietal lobe, and mid frontal gyrus. Our study is the first to use the behavioral effects of proactive inhibition to identify the underlying brain regions, by employing an unbiased task\u2010design that temporally separates cue and response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T13:59:55Z","timestamp":1545055195000},"page":"1575-1586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Using subjective expectations to model the neural underpinnings of proactive inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Pas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University  Utrecht The 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