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The endocannabinoid system has been shown to play a critical role in habit learning, but the role of this neuromodulatory system in habit expression is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system in established habitual actions using contingency degradation in male C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6 mice. We found that administration of the endocannabinoid transport inhibitor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AM<\/jats:styled-content>404 reduced habitual responding for food and that antagonism of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content>1), but not transient receptor potential cation subfamily V (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRPV<\/jats:styled-content>1), receptors produced a similar reduction in habitual responding. Moreover, pharmacological stimulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CB<\/jats:styled-content>1 receptors increased habitual responding for food. Co\u2010administration of an enzyme inhibitor that selectively increases the endocannabinoid 2\u2010arachidonoyl glycerol (2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AG<\/jats:styled-content>) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AM<\/jats:styled-content>404 partially restored habitual responding for food. Together, these findings demonstrate an important role for the endocannabinoid system in the expression of habits and provide novel insights into potential pharmacological strategies for reducing habitual behaviors in mental disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]],"date-time":"2018-12-27T16:10:41Z","timestamp":1545927041000},"page":"1610-1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bi\u2010directional modulation of food habit expression by the endocannabinoid system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7662-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol A.","family":"Gianessi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Division of Molecular Psychiatry Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program 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