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Debates persist on whether the limit occurs at early visual cortices or is induced by top\u2010down modulation, leaving the neural mechanism for visual crowding largely unclear. To resolve the debate, it is crucial to extract the neural signals elicited by the target from that by the target\u2010flanker clutter, with high temporal resolution. To achieve this purpose, here we employed a temporal response function (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRF<\/jats:styled-content>) approach to dissociate target\u2010specific response from the overall electroencephalograph (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>) recordings when the target was presented with (crowded) or without flankers (uncrowded) while subjects were performing a discrimination task on the peripherally presented target. Our results demonstrated two components in the target\u2010specific contrast\u2010tracking <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRF<\/jats:styled-content> response\u2014an early component (100\u2013170\u00a0ms) in occipital channels and a late component (210\u2013450\u00a0ms) in frontoparietal channels. The late frontoparietal component, which was delayed in time under the crowded condition, was correlated with target discrimination performance, suggesting its involvement in visual crowding. Granger causality analysis further revealed stronger top\u2010down modulation on the target stimulus under the crowded condition. Taken together, our findings support that crowding is associated with a top\u2010down process which modulates the low\u2010level sensory processing and delays the behavioral\u2010relevant response in the high\u2010level region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T01:40:46Z","timestamp":1552441246000},"page":"2931-2941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Visual crowding involves delayed frontoparietal response and enhanced top\u2010down modulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4808-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiming","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Peking\u2010Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.04.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.11.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1140-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00297.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00234-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/14.6.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383334a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2014.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/15.6.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2001.0755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/16.3.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.07055.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.05.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Suppressive and facilitatory spatial interactions in peripheral vision: Peripheral crowding is neither size invariant nor simple contrast masking","volume":"2","author":"Levi D. 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