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To further address this issue, we compared the effects of long access (LgA) cocaine self\u2010administration, which is widely used to model the transition to addiction, with intermittent access (IntA), which is thought to better reflect the pattern of drug use in humans, on the ability of a single, self\u2010administered injection of cocaine to increase dopamine (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) overflow in the core of the nucleus accumbens (using in vivo microdialysis), and to produce addiction\u2010like behavior. IntA experience was more effective than LgA in producing addiction\u2010like behavior\u2014a drug experience\u2010dependent increase in motivation for cocaine assessed using behavioral economic procedures, and cue\u2010induced reinstatement\u2014despite much less total drug consumption. There were no group differences in basal levels of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in dialysate [\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ], but a single self\u2010administered\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    injection of cocaine increased [\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ] in the core of the nucleus accumbens to a greater extent in rats with prior IntA experience than those with LgA or limited access experience, and the latter two groups did not differ. Furthermore, high motivation for cocaine was associated with a high [\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ] response. Thus, IntA, but not LgA, produced both incentive and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    sensitization. This is consistent with the notion that a hyper\u2010responsive dopaminergic system may contribute to the transition from casual patterns of drug use to the problematic patterns that define addiction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T21:13:51Z","timestamp":1554844431000},"page":"2663-2682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Incentive and dopamine sensitization produced by intermittent but not long access cocaine self\u2010administration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex B.","family":"Kawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program) University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec C.","family":"Valenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry E.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program) University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315689197-17","volume-title":"Routledge handbook on philosophy and science of addiction","author":"Ahmed S. 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