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The chronic single\u2010unit recording method in unanaesthetized animals is useful for unravelling the dynamics of sleep\u2013wake switching, in particular because it can analyse events at the level of single neurons, thereby decoding information used by the brain in determining its functional state. A prerequisite is to record a large number of all types of neurons, identify critical wake\u2010 and sleep\u2010promoting neurons and determine their activity profiles during the sleep\u2013wake cycle and their trends in spike activity during the state transitions from wakefulness to sleep and from sleep to wakefulness in the same species. Here, I argue that single\u2010unit recordings in unanaesthetized mice help us to (a) determine key neural elements controlling sleep\u2013wake dynamics, (b) elucidate the roles of forebrain and brainstem neurons in ultradian sleep\u2013wake cyclicity and (c) gain a new insight into the functional significance of wakefulness, slow\u2010wave sleep and paradoxical (or rapid eye movement) sleep. I also discuss the merits and limitations of single\u2010unit recording compared with more recent genetic approaches, and I suggest that findings from studies using the classic electrophysiological technique will provide the foundation for future studies using new genetic techniques to dissect the neural networks responsible for the initiation, maintenance and cessation of each wake and sleep state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T16:38:36Z","timestamp":1560875916000},"page":"3507-3530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["What single\u2010unit recording studies tell us about the basic mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9618-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuya","family":"Sakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal System Lyon Neuroscience Research Center INSERM U1028 University Lyon 1 Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00504.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0620-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3789"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9744"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.118.3062.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(94)90047-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.1096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128.3314.30-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"547","article-title":"Spontaneous desynchronization in the chronic cat \u201ccerveau isol\u00e9\u201d","volume":"102","author":"Batsel H. 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