{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:09:53Z","timestamp":1790737793359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) typically compare an active protocol relative to a shorter sham (placebo) protocol. Both protocols are presumed to be perceptually identical on the scalp, and thus represent an effective method of delivering double\u2010blinded experimental designs. However, participants often show above\u2010chance accuracy when asked which condition involved active\/sham retrospectively. We assessed the time course of sham\u2010blinding during active and sham tDCS. We predicted that participants would be aware that the current is switched on for longer in the active versus sham protocol. Thirty\u2010two adults were tested in a preregistered, double\u2010blinded, within\u2010subjects design. A forced\u2010choice reaction time task was undertaken before, during and after active (10\u00a0min 1\u00a0mA) and sham (20\u00a0s 1\u00a0mA) tDCS. The anode was placed over the left primary motor cortex (C3) to target the right hand, and the cathode on the right forehead. Two probe questions were asked every 30\u00a0s: \u201cIs the stimulation on?\u201d and \u201cHow sure are you?\u201d. Distinct periods of non\u2010overlapping confidence intervals were identified between conditions, totalling 5\u00a0min (57.1% of the total difference in stimulation time). These began immediately after sham ramp\u2010down and lasted until the active protocol had ended. We therefore show a failure of placebo control during 1\u00a0mA tDCS. These results highlight the need to develop more effective methods of sham\u2010blinding during transcranial electrical stimulation protocols, even when delivered at low\u2010intensity current strengths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,22]],"date-time":"2019-06-22T19:40:22Z","timestamp":1561232422000},"page":"3380-3388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The time course of ineffective sham\u2010blinding during low\u2010intensity (1\u00a0mA) transcranial direct current stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Greinacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Quality and Usability Lab Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Buh\u00f4t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of L\u00fcbeck L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Learmonth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1237962"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"No effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the motor cortex on response\u2010related ERPs during a conflict task","volume":"10","author":"Conley A. 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