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But what drives the activity of these interneurons is less well defined. To fill this gap, a combination of monosynaptic rabies virus mapping (ms\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    m), electrophysiological and optogenetic approaches were used in transgenic mice in which\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s expressed either Cre recombinase or a fluorescent reporter. The rabies virus studies revealed a striking similarity in the afferent connectomes of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s and neighboring cholinergic interneurons, particularly regarding connections arising from the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and cingulate cortex. While optogenetic stimulation of cingulate inputs excited both cholinergic interneurons and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s, thalamic stimulation excited cholinergic interneurons, but inhibited\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s. This inhibition was dependent on cholinergic interneurons and had two components: a previously described\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ergic element and one that was mediated by M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In addition to this phasic signal, cholinergic interneurons tonically excited\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s through a distinct, M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor pathway. This coordinated cholinergic modulation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LTSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s predisposed them to rhythmically burst in response to phasic thalamic activity, potentially reconfiguring striatal circuitry in response to salient environmental stimuli.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T16:08:51Z","timestamp":1563984531000},"page":"3713-3731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cholinergic modulation of striatal nitric oxide\u2010producing interneurons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Alexandria E.","family":"Melendez\u2010Zaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program Feinberg School 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