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The prevalence and clinical outcomes of encephalopathy of prematurity differ between sexes, and elucidating the underlying biological basis has become a high\u2010priority challenge. Human studies are often limited to assessment of brain region volumes by MRI, which does not provide much information about the underlying mechanisms of lesions related to very preterm birth. However, models using KO mice or pharmacological manipulations in rodents allow relevant observations to help clarify the mechanisms of injury sustaining sex\u2010differential vulnerability. This review focuses on data obtained from mice aged P1\u2013P5 or rats aged P3 when submitted to cerebral damage such as hypoxia\u2010ischemia, as their brain lesions share similarities with lesion patterns occurring in very preterm human brain, before 32 gestational weeks. We first report data on the mechanisms underlying the development of sexual brain dimorphism in rodent, focusing on the hippocampus. In the second part, we describe sex specificities of rodent models of encephalopathy of prematurity (RMEP), focusing on mechanisms underlying differences in hippocampal vulnerability. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these RMEP. Together, this review highlights the need to systematically search for potential effects of sex when studying the mechanisms underlying deficits in RMEP in order to design effective sex\u2010specific medical interventions in human preterms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T01:21:28Z","timestamp":1577668888000},"page":"2560-2574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Why considering sexual differences is necessary when studying encephalopathy of prematurity through rodent models"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"B\u00e9r\u00e9nice","family":"Le Dieu\u2010Lugon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine UNIROUEN Inserm U1245 Team 4 Normandy University Rouen 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